Term
| MC type of cardiomyopathy |
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Definition
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Term
| Dilated CMP presents with _A_ EF. MC symptom is _B_. Physical exam has a _C_ gallop and _D_ lung sounds. PMI is displaced _D_. |
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Definition
A. reduced (<40%)
B. dyspnea
C. S3 gallop
D. rales
E. down and left |
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Term
Dilated CMP
Causes _A_ (5)
Tx _B_ (3) |
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Definition
A. endocrinopathies, post-partum, excessive EtOH, myocarditis, genetics
B. ACE-I, BB, Loop diuretic |
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Term
| Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy most commonly affects the _A_. Cause is _B_ and can result in _C_ in patients <30 yoa. Sx of Hypertrophic CMP are _D_ (3) |
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Definition
A. septum
B. genetic (mutation of sarcomere)
C. sudden caridac death
D. ASH- angina, syncope, Heart failure |
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Term
| Hypertrophic CMP presents with a _A_ gallop. Echo shows thickened _B_. Murmur increases with _C_ (2). Initial tx is _D_ |
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Definition
A. S4
B. septum
C. valsalva and standing
D. BBs or CCBs |
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Term
Restrictive cardimyopathy results in _A_ muscle that causes _B_ filling. MC cause is _C_.
Pulmonary _D_ is usually present. _E_ can differentiate between this, other CMP and pericarditis. Tx with _F_ can help. |
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Definition
A. stiff muscle
B. impaired filling
C. amloydosis
D. Pulmonary HTN
E. endometrial bx
F. diuretics |
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Term
| Treatment for atrial flutter is _A_ blocking agents. What three drugs? |
|
Definition
A. AV node blocking agents
BBs, CCBs, amiodarone |
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Term
What is the MC chronic arrythmia?
Mnemonic for Causes |
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Definition
A Fib
P-P-PIRATESS
PE/PTX/Pneumonia
Iatrogenic
Rheumatic fever
AMI
Thyroid (hypder)
EtOH/Electrolytes
Sepsis/SSS |
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Term
A Fib sx are _A_ (3)
Treatments
- slowing rate: _B_ (3)
- Chemical cardioversion (2)
- If >48 hours or unknown time _C_ |
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Definition
A. PAW- palpitations, angina, worn-out
B. esmolol, verapamil, diltiazem
C. amiodarone, flecainide
D. IV heparin and the TEE to look for clot |
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Term
| What medication do you give a patient with A Fib and valvular disease? |
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Definition
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Term
Drugs that cause AV blocks _A_(3)
Disease cause is |
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Definition
A. BBs, CCBs, digoxin
B. Lyme disease |
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Term
| Mobitz 2 is a block in the _A_ area. First treatment is _B_. Peramanent treatment is _C_ |
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Definition
A. purkinje fibers
B. transvenous/thoracic pacing
C. Pacemaker |
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Term
3rd degree block if sx has _A_ and _B_.
EKG shows _C_ and ventricular rate _D_. |
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Definition
A. weakness
B. dyspnea
C. wide QRS
D. <50 |
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Term
| RBBB is in _A_ leads. Can be associated with _B_, _C_ and _D_. |
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Definition
A. V1, V2
B. PE
C. ASD
D. MI |
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Term
| LBBB is seen in _A_ leads. Causes are _B_, _C_ and _D_. |
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Definition
A. V5 V6
B. DCMP
C. AS
D. MI |
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Term
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Definition
amiodarione or adenosine
- also vagal maneuvers |
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Term
V Tach is a continuous run of _A_ with _B_ QRS. Stable tx is _C_.
Unstable with pulse= _D_
Unstable without pulse= _E_ |
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Definition
A. PVCs
B. narrow
C. Amiodarone (Lidocaine is second)
D. Synchronized cardioversion
E. Defib (Unsynchronized cardioversion) |
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Term
Medication causes of Long QT syndrome _A_(8)
_B_= One electrolyte cause
Tx with _C_ |
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Definition
A. Amiodarone, Methadone, Ondansetron
Macrolides, Fluoroquinolones
Haloperidol, SSRIs, TCAs
B. HYPOcalcemia
C. BBs |
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Term
MC congenital heart disease is _A_.
Associated with _B_ syndrome |
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Definition
A. VSD
B. Eisenmenger Syndrome (reversal with R->L shunt) |
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Term
| Murmur associated with PDA |
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Definition
continuous machinery murmur
- other continuous murmurs are Pericardial friction rub and venous hum |
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Term
Tetralogy of Fallot
4 Characteristics
Heart is shaped like _A_
These patients will need _B_ |
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Definition
Pulmonary stenosis (BIG ONE!)
Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
Overriding aorta
VSD
A. boot
B. endocarditis prophylaxis (ampicillin/azithro 2nd) |
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Term
Systolic HF presents with _A_ gallop, _B_ lung sounds. Tx for chronic is _C_.
Unstable treatment is and do NOT give _E_. |
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Definition
A. S3
B. rales
C. ACEI, BB, Loop
D. ACEI, Loop O2, Nitro
E. BB! will worsen it!! |
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Term
| Diastolic HF presents with _A_ gallop, low _B_ and increased _C_. MC populations are _D_ (3) |
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Definition
A. S4
B. cardiac output
C. pulmonary venous pressure
D. elderly, blacks, women |
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Term
Diastolic HF has _A_ EF.
Acute tx is _B_ (4)
Chronic treatment is _C_ (2)
DO NOT USE _D_ in chronic treatment because it can cause _E_. |
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Definition
A. preserved
B. ACEI, Loop, Nitro, O2
C. ACEI, BB/CCB
D. Loops
E. will cuase dehydration |
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Term
| BP should be below 130/80 in what 4 populations |
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Definition
| DM, CKD, LVH, cardiac dysfunction |
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Term
| Initial monotherapy options for HTN (3) |
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Definition
Thiazides
ACEI/ARB
CCB (amlodipine) |
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Term
Secondary HTN is often _A_ onset. Should be suspected in _B_ (3) cases.
Dx should include 24 hour _C_, urine _D_, _E_ U/S to assess structural change |
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Definition
A. rapid
B. young patients, >50 at first presentation, refractory previously controlled by medications
C. cortisol (hyperaldosteronism)
D. metanephrines (pheochromocytoma)
E. Renal (CKD or PCOS)
other causes= pregnancy, Coarc and OSA |
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Term
Hypertensive Urgency/Emergeny is BP >_A_. Urgency should be lowered within _B_. Emergency has _C_ damage and should be lowered in _D_.
Tx is _E_ or _F_. |
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Definition
A. 220/125
B. hours
C. end-organ
D. 1 hour
E-F. labetolol, micardipine |
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Term
Malignant HTN is associated with what 3 things
If untreated what can it lead to |
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Definition
A. papilledema, encephalopathy, nephrophaty
- renal failure |
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Term
| Cardiogenic shock is caused by _A_ with MC cause as _B_. Sx are _C_uria, elevated _D_. Dx is with _E_. Tx is _F_ |
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Definition
A. cardiac failure
B. MI
C. oligouria (no BP no PP)
D. elevated JVD
E. Echo (TEE or TTE)
F. ACLS- secure airway, large bore IVs, cardiac monitoring |
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Term
Obstructive shock is acute _A_ in CO. 3 causes are _B_
Distributive shock is vaso_C_ and blood shunting from vital organs to _D_. Presents with _E_ SVR. 4 types are _F_. |
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Definition
A. decrease in CO
B. tamponade, TPTX, massive PE
C. vasodilation
D. non-vital organs
E. Decreased SVR
F. Septic, anaphylaxis, neurogenic, hypoadrenal (addisonian crisis) |
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Term
Orthostatic Hypotension is a systolic changes of _A_ and diastolic chages of _B_.
Dx is response to _C_ movement and _D_ test.
Tx is _E_ and hydration |
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Definition
A. >20
B. >10
C. valsalva
D. Tilt
E. fludrocortisone |
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Term
MC cause of STEMI
- what are the 2 best cardiac markers |
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Definition
Occlusive coronary thrombus from pre-existing plaque
- Troponin #1, then CK-MB |
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Term
| Tx for STEMI is a combination of _A_ and _B_ |
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Definition
A. AntiPLT (ASA, Clopidogrel, Ticagrelor- brillinta)
B. Anticoagulant (heparin, coumadin, fondaparinux, dabigitran) |
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Term
II, III, AvF is _A_
I, aVL, V5, V6 is _B_ |
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Definition
A. inferior= RCA
B. lateral= Circumflex |
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Term
| Prinzmetal angina is _A_ in the absence of _B_. Presents as _C_ without percipitating factors. Dx is _D_ challenge. Tx is _E_. DO NOT GIVE _F_. |
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Definition
A. cornary vasospasm
B. CAD
C. Chest pain
D. ergonovine challenge (smooth muslce constriction can trigger angina- do in cath lab)
E. CCBs
E. BBs (can exacerbate spasms) |
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Term
Aortic Aneurysm
What 2 parameters require surgery?
What is the most common complications? |
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Definition
parameters are >/= 5.5 cm or 0.5 cm change in 6 months
- MI |
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Term
| Aortic dissection involves the _A_ layer. Type A is _B_ and has a _C_ prognosis. Dx study of choice is _D_. Can lead to _E_ |
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Definition
A. intima layer
B. aortic arch
C. worse px
D. aortic angiography
E. cardiac taponade (all the blood) |
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Term
6 P's of arterial embolism/thrombus
MC valvular cause is _A_, MC arrythmia cause is _B_.
Initial tx is _C_. |
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Definition
Ps- pain, pallor, poikilothermia, paresthesias, pulselessness, paralysis
A. Mitral stenosis
B. A fib
C. IV unfractionated haprin |
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Term
Giant Cell Arteritis is commonly associated with _A_. Sx are _B_, jaw _C_, _D_ abnormalities otherwise known as _E_.
Tx is _F_. |
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Definition
A. polymyalgia rheumatica
B. Headache
C. claduication
D. visual
E. amaurosis fugax (painless temporary loss in one or both eyes)
F. high-dose prednisone |
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Term
PAD causes are _A_ (3)
- Sx are _B_ and decreased _C_.
Diagnosis gold standard is _D_. ABI <_E_ is diagnostic. |
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Definition
A. atherosclerosis, inflammation, trauma
B. claudication
C. pulses
D. CT angiography
E. <0.9 |
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Term
| Phlebitis MC vein is _A_. RFs are recent _B_, _C_ catheters, _D_. |
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Definition
A. great saphenous vein
B. local trauma
C. IV catheters
D. IVDA |
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Term
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Definition
| stasis, hypercoagulable state, trauma |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Venous Insufficiency
MC cause is _A_. sx are progressive _B_, _C_ skin, _D_ and _E_ pigmentation and ulcers at the _F_ |
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Definition
A. prior DVT
B. pitting edema of LL
C. taut/shiny
D. pruritis
E. brown
F. medial malleolus |
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Term
| Stroke + fever is _A_ until proven otherwise |
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Definition
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Term
Infective Endocarditis
MC subacute causes is _A_
MC acute/IVDA cause is _B_ and MC affects the _C_ valve. Criteria is called _D_ with the 2 major criteria being _E_ (3). |
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Definition
A. Strep veridans
B. Staph aureus
C. Tricuspid
D. DUKEs
E. major are 2 + blood cultures and vegetations on echo or new murmur |
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Term
| Infective Endocarditis other criteria (and mnemonic) |
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Definition
FROM JANE
Fever, Roth Spots, Osler nodes, Murmur
Janeway lesions, Anemia, Nail bed (splinter) hem, Emboli
also petechiae |
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Term
Infective endocarditis tx other than surgery
_A_ plus _B_.
If S. veridans need _C_ or _D_.
5 reasons for prophylactic tx |
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Definition
A-B. Vanco + Ceftriaxone
C. IV PCN
D. ceftriaxone
Prophylaxis:
- prosthetic valves, hx endocarditits
- unrepaired cyanotic congenital defects
- transplanted heart with valvular disease
- repaird CHD with residual effects |
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Term
| Mitral Valve prolapse presents with a _A_ heart sound that increases with _B_ and _C_. Tx is _D_. |
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Definition
A. mid-systolic click
B. valsalva
C. standing
D. BBs |
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Term
| Aortic Stenosis 2 main causes are _A_. Sx are _B_ (3), _C_ lift. Radites to the _D_. Medical treatment is _E_. |
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Definition
A. bicuspid aortic valve, calcification
B. SAD- syncope, angina, DOE
C. apical lift
D. carotids
E. diuretics (then surgery) |
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Term
Aortic regurg causes are _A_ (5)
Sx are _B_ (3) with a _C_ pressure. Radiates to the _D_. Medication tx is _E_ (3) |
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Definition
A. rheumatic fever, endocarditis, aortic root dilation, marfans, syphilis
B. SAD- syncope, angina, DOE
C. wide pulse pressure
D. apex
E. diuretics, ACEI, BB |
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Term
| Mitral stenosis MC cause is _A_. Can be precipitated by _B_. Main 3 sx are _C_ but may also have _D_ and _E_. |
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Definition
A. Rheumatic heart disease
B. pregnancy
C. PHD (palpitations, heart failure, DOE)
D. hemoptysis
E. hoarseness |
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Term
| Mitral regurgitation MC cause is _A_. 3 main sx are _B_ and can lead to _C_ heart failure if severe. Murmur increases with _D_ and radiates to the _E_. |
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Definition
A. MVP
B. PHD (palpitations, heart failure, DOE)
C. Left sided
D. squatting
E. axilla |
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Term
MC cause of tricuspid stenosis is _A_
Tricuspid regurgitation in kids is caused by _B_ and adults is _C_ (3) |
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Definition
A. rheumatic fever
B. ebstein anomaly
C-D. IVDA, RHD and endocarditis |
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Term
| Anti-Arrhythmic medication classes (I-IV) |
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Definition
No Body Knows CC
I: Na Channel (procainamide, lidocaine, flecainide)
II: BBs
III: K+ channels (amiodarone, sotalol)
IV: CCBs |
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Term
What diuretic is potassium sparing?
What is it's possible side effect in men? |
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Definition
Spironolactone
- gynecomastia |
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Term
What are the side effects of thiazide diuretics
They can also cause _A_ toxicity |
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Definition
^ blood uric acid, lipids, glucose, calcium
A. lithium toxicity
dec blood sodium |
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Term
ACEI decrease _A_ and preserve _B_.
3 side effects |
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Definition
A. peripheral resistance
B. renal function
SEs-> angioedema, couch, HYPERKALEMIA |
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Term
CCBs
- 5 Uses
- 3 side effects |
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Definition
Uses: HTN, raynauds, HOCM, migraines, Cluster HA
SEs: heart block, constipation, peripheral edema |
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Term
| Initial drug therapy for hyperlipidemia (3) |
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Definition
low dose aspirin
antihypertensives if needed
smoking cessation meds if needed |
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Term
What lipid lowering medication affects all categories?
What are the main side effects? (3)
2 contraindications |
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Definition
Statins
(dec LDL and Trig, inc HDL)
SEs: myalgia, hepatotoxicity
- must monitor LFTs
CIs: pregnancy and liver disease |
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Term
| Ezetimibe (Zetia) is a _A_ inhibitor. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
PEA causes
6 H
6 T
- Initial Tx? |
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Definition
H: Hypovolemia, Hypothermia, Hypoglycemia, Hypoxia, Hyper/Hypokalemia, hydrogen ions (acidosis)
T: Tamponade, Toxins, Tension PTX, Thrombus (MI), Thrombus (PE), Trauma
- NOT a shockable rhythm: first step is BLS, IV access, intubation, 100% O2 |
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Term
Atrial Septal Defect
- _A_ heart sound is pathognomonic
Typically asx until _B_. |
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Definition
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Term
_A_ murmurs radiate down
_B_ murmurs radiate up
_C_ murmurs increase with inspiration |
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Definition
A. systolic up
B. diastolic down
C. Right sided |
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Term
Tamponade
Beck's Triad _A_ (3)
it can start as _B_.
Sx are _C_ sign and _D_ pulse.
Echo will show _E_. |
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Definition
A. Ds- Distant heart sounds, distended JVP, decreased BP
B. pericardial effusion
C. kussmaul
D. paradoxical
E. diastolic collapse of RV |
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Term
amiodarone
has a _A_ 1/2 life.
SEs: short term is _B_, medium time is _C_ and long term is _D_ (2). |
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Definition
A. long 1/2 life
B. hypotension
C. thyroid changes
D. pulmonary fibrosis, ocular toxicity |
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Term
Digoxin
Toxicity can cause _A_ on EKG and can be caused by _B_ (2) |
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Definition
A. bursts of V Tach
B. hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia |
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Term
Adenosine is similar to _A_.
Use is _B_, SE is _C_.
_D_ intake can affect the results. |
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Definition
A. vagal maneuvers
B. PSVT
C. AV block
D. caffeine |
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Term
| CCBs should NOT be used in what 3 situations? |
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Definition
- acute MI
- Systolic heart failure
- unstable angina |
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Term
| BBs should not be given in what 4 situations? |
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Definition
| - AV block, acute heart failure, leg claduication, reactive airway disease |
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