Term
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Definition
Chaotic and erratic baseline (irregularly irregular) with no discrete P waves in between
irregularly spaced QRS complexes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A rapid succession of identical, back-to-back atrial depolarization waves. The identical appearance accounts for the “sawtooth” appearance of the flutter waves. |
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Term
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Definition
| The PR interval is prolonged (> 200 msec). Asymptomatic. |
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Term
| 2nd degree AV block Mobitz I |
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Definition
| Progressive lengthening of the PR interval until a beat is “dropped” (a P wave not followed by a QRS complex). Usually asymptomatic. |
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Term
| 2nd degree AV block Mobitz II |
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Definition
| Dropped beats that are not preceded by a change in the length of the PR interval (as in type I). These abrupt, nonconducted P waves result in a pathologic condition. It is often found as 2:1 block, where there are 2 P waves to 1 QRS response. May progress to 3rddegree block. |
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Term
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Definition
| Complete. The atria and ventricles beat independently of each other. Both P waves and QRS complexes are present, although the P waves bear no relation to the QRS complexes. The atrial rate is faster than the ventricular rate. Usually treat with pacemaker. |
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Term
| Drug used in infants to treat apnea of prematurity |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
VO2 = CO X (CaO2 - VaO2)
VO2 = O2 consumption
CO = Cardiac output
CaO2 = arterial O2 content
VaO2 = Venous O2 content |
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Term
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Definition
Quinidine, Amiodarone, Procainamide, Disopyramide. "Queen Amy Proclaims Diso's pyramid"
↑ AP duration, ↑ effective refractory period (ERP), ↑ QT interval. Affect both atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, especially reentrant and ectopic supraventricular and ventricular tachycardia. Toxicity: quinidine (cinchonism––headache, tinnitus; thrombocytopenia; torsades de pointes due to ↑ QT interval); procainamide (reversible SLE-like syndrome). |
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Term
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Definition
Lidocaine, Mexiletine, Tocainide. “I’d Buy Lidy’s Mexican Tacos.” ↓ AP duration. Affect ischemic or depolarized Purkinje and ventricular tissue. Useful in acute ventricular arrhythmias (especially post-MI) and in
digitalis-induced arrhythmias.
Toxicity: local anesthetic. CNS stimulation/depression, cardiovascular depression. Phenytoin can also fall into the IB category. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flecainide, encainide, propafenone. No effect on AP duration. Useful in V-tachs that progress to VF and in intractable SVT. Usually used only as last resort in refractory tachyarrhythmias. Toxicity: proarrhythmic, especially post-MI (contraindicated). Significantly prolongs refractory period in AV node. |
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Term
| Class III Antiarrhythmics |
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Definition
K+ channel blockers. Sotalol, ibutilide, bretylium, amiodarone. Mechanism ↑ AP duration, ↑ ERP. Used when other antiarrhythmics fail. ↑ QT interval.
Toxicity Sotalol––torsades de pointes, excessive β block; ibutilide––torsades; bretylium––new arrhythmias, hypotension; amiodarone––pulmonary fibrosis, corneal deposits, hepatotoxicity, skin deposits resulting in photodermatitis, neurologic effects, constipation, cardiovascular effects (bradycardia, heart block, CHF), hypothyroidism/
hyperthyroidism. |
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Term
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Definition
Verapamil, Diltiazem. Ca2+ channel blockers.
Mechanism Primarily affect AV nodal cells. ↓ conduction velocity, ↑ ERP, ↑ PR interval. Used in prevention of nodal arrhythmias (e.g., SVT).
Toxicity Constipation, flushing, edema, CV effects (CHF, AV block, sinus node depression); torsades de pointes (bepridil). |
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Term
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Definition
Adenosine ↑ K+ out of cells → hyperpolarizing the cell. Drug of choice in diagnosing/abolishing AV nodal arrhythmias. Very short acting (~ 15 sec). Toxicity includes flushing, hypotension, chest pain.
K+ - Depresses ectopic pacemakers in hypokalemia (e.g., digoxin toxicity).
Mg2+ - Effective in torsades de pointes and digoxin toxicity. |
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Term
| Boot shaped heart on X-ray |
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Definition
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Term
| Drug induced lupus can be caused by: |
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Definition
| Procainamide, hydralazine, chlorpromazine, isoniazid, methyldopa and quinidine |
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Term
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Definition
MAP = TPR X CO
If right atrial pressure is high you have to take that into account and MAP is replaced by (MAP - Right atrial pressure)
MAP also = 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure |
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Term
| Order of events leading Atherosclerosis to MI |
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Definition
| Fatty Streak, Fibrous plaque, Rupture of plaque, rough surface triggers clot, thrombotic occlusion, MI |
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Term
| structures and postitions in the carotid sheath |
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Definition
VAN:
1. Internal jugular vein (lateral)
2. Common carotid artery (medial)
3. Vagus Nerve (posterior) |
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Term
| Jugular venous pulse waves |
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Definition
a wave - atrial contraction
c wave - RV contracts and Tricuspid valve bulges into RA
v wave - increased RA pressure due to filling against a closed tricuspid valve |
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Term
| S2 splitting. Wide, fixed, paradoxical |
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Definition
Wide - Pulmonic stenosis
Fixed - ASD
Paradoxical - Aortic stenosis |
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Term
| SA and AV nod differences in AP from ventricular AP |
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Definition
Phase 0 = upstroke––opening of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. These cells lack fast voltage-gated Na+ channels. Results in a slow conduction velocity that is used by the AV node to prolong transmission from the atria to ventricles.
Phase 2 = plateau is absent.
Phase 3 = inactivation of the Ca2+ channels and ↑ activation of K+ channels→↑K+ efflux.
Phase 4 = slow diastolic depolarization––membrane potential spontaneously depolarizes as Na+ conductance ↑ (If different from INa above). Accounts for automaticity of SA and AV nodes. The slope of phase 4 in the SA node determines heart rate. ACh ↓ the rate of diastolic depolarization and ↓ heart rate, while catecholamines ↑
depolarization and ↑ heart rate. |
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Term
| Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome |
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Definition
| Accessory conduction pathway from atria to ventricle (bundle of Kent), bypassing AV node. As a result, ventricles begin to partially depolarize earlier, giving rise to characteristic delta wave on ECG. May result in reentry current leading to supraventricular tachycardia. |
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Term
Congenital cardiac defect associations
22q11 -
down syndrome
Congenital rubella
Turner's
Marfans
Diabetic mother
fragile X |
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Definition
22q11 - Truncus and tetrology of fallot
down syndrome - ASD VSD
Congenital rubella - Septal defects PDA
Turner's - coarctation of aorta
Marfans - Aortic insfcy, MV prolapse
Diabetic mother - Transposition
fragile X - MV prolapse |
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Term
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Definition
| Can lead to post partum DIC |
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Term
| ECG shows electrical alternans (beat-to-beat alternations of QRS complex height). |
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Definition
| Cardiac tamponade. Also will see - Pulsus paradoxus (Kussmaul’s pulse)—↓ in amplitude of pulse during inspiration. Pulsus paradoxis seen in severe cardiac tamponade, asthma, obstructive sleep apnea, pericarditis, and croup. |
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Term
| Valve frequency involvement and complications of bacterial endocarditis |
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Definition
Mitral valve most frequent. Tricuspid involved with IV drug use.
Complications:
Chordae rupture
glomerulonephritis
suppurative pericarditis
emboli |
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Term
| Causes of serous pericarditis |
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Definition
| Caused by SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, viral infection, uremia. |
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Term
| Causes of fibronous pericarditis |
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Definition
| Uremia, MI (Dressler’s syndrome), rheumatic fever. |
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Term
| Causes of hemorrhagic pericarditis |
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Definition
| TB, malignancy (e.g., melanoma). |
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Term
| findings associated with pericarditis |
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Definition
Findings: pericardial pain, friction rub, pulsus paradoxus, distant heart sounds. Findings include ECG changes with diffuse ST-segment elevation.
Can resolve without scarring or lead to chronic adhesive or chronic constrictive pericarditis. |
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Term
| Most frequent primary heart tumor in children |
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Definition
| Rhabdomyoma (associated with tuberous sclerosis) |
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Term
| Abbreviated Poiseuille's equation |
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Definition
| TPR = Viscosity of blood/(radius of the arteriole)^4 |
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Term
|
Definition
Preload = Ventricular EDV, Increases with exercise, blood transfusion (increased volume), and sympathetic stimulation. Decreases with venous dilators (NO).
Afterload = Diastolic arterial pressure, proportional to TPR. Vasodilators (hydralazine) decrease afterload. |
|
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Term
| bacterial endocarditis in a patient with colon cancer or ulcerative colitis |
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Definition
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Term
| Treatmnet of Pulmonary embolism in a hypotensive patient, systolic <90 |
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Definition
| Plasminogen activator. If normotensive use LMWH |
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Term
| Abnormally tall tented T wave on ECK |
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Definition
| Hyperkalemia. Hypokalemia results in are flattened or inverted T waves, a U wave, and prolongation of the QT interval. |
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Term
| Largest predisposing factor to developing aortic dissection |
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Definition
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Term
| Factor predisposing to AAA |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| reversible nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| structurally similar to adrenaline but acts selectively on all beta receptors, activating β1 and β2 receptors equally |
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Term
| What in utero infection is associated with endocardial fibroelastosis |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Receptor affinities of NE and EPI |
|
Definition
Epinephrine: Nonselective at high doses, Beta selective at low doses
NE: Beta 1, and Alpha1 and 2 |
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Term
| Flow of blood to lower body with aorta coarctation. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Flow of blood in PDA goes from Aorta to which pulmonary artery? |
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Definition
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Term
| 5 parallel resistors with 5 mm Hg?mL/min resistance each. Pressure before = 100 mmHG pressure after is 10 mm Hg. What is the flow across the circuit. |
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Definition
Flow = change in pressure/resistance
= 90/(RT) where 1/(RT) = 1/R1 + 1/R2 ...
In this case RT = 1 so flow = 90 mL/min |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Beta blockers that act as a partial agonists and still have intrinsic sympathomimetic activity |
|
Definition
| acebutolol and pindolol, not recommended for patients with angina |
|
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Term
| What class of drugs can cause varying degrees of AV blockade? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Indicator of premortem thrombosis |
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