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Cardiac index is the volume of blood pumped by the heart (liters per minute) divided by the body surface area (square meters). This allows direct comparison of the cardiac index of large and small patients.
2.5-4.0 L/min |
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| This ability of a vessel to distend and increase volume with increasing transmural pressure (inside minus outside pressure) is quantified as vessel compliance |
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| An abnormality in an otherwise normal rhythmic pattern. |
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| PVR peripheral vascular resistance |
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| a person's blood pressure suddenly falls when the person stands up or stretches. |
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| Amount of blood in heart prior to contraction |
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| pressure heart must overcome to pump blood in heart; MAP |
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| is performed by moderately forceful attempted exhalation against a closed airway, usually done by closing one's mouth and pinching one's nose shut. Variations of the maneuver can be used either in medical examination as a test of cardiac function and autonomic nervous control of the heart, |
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| Which blood vessels serve as the blood reservoir? |
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| veins (65% of body's blood supply is found in veins) |
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| an MI ussually occurs in the _____ |
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| possible s/s of an MI in the elderly |
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| confusion, dizzyness, fainting |
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| during an MI, the serum glucose may _____ |
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| Q segment depression is a sign of ___ |
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| irreversible tissue death (MI) |
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| ECG reading that indicates total artery occlusion |
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| ECG reading that indicates total artery occlusion |
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| ECG reading that reflects a recent thrombosis or partial coronary artery occlusion |
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| n-ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) |
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| myoglobin reacts early and peaks at __ |
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| Troponin can be detected ____ after an MI and lasts up to ____ |
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| during an MI, there may be an increase in ____ due to the inflammatory response to necrotic tissue |
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| During an MI, there may be an increased ___ due to inflammation |
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| ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) |
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| ideal treatment of an MI is within ____ |
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| during an MI, ischemic tissue around the necrotic area is potentially viable if it is _____ |
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| during an MI, IV narcotics are given to reduce ____, reduce _____, and relax ______ to increase O2 |
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| pain - preload and afterload - bronchioles |
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| ___ are the most common complication after an MI |
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| two antidysrhythmics used during an MI |
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| thrombolytics are generally giving within ___ of an MI |
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| a decreaes in ___ and ___ are signs of a decreased cardiac output during MI |
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| reason for liquid diet for 24 hours following MI |
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| keep blood supply at heart not stomach |
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| complication following an MI in which the wall of ventricle becomes weak and bulges - risk for rupture and thrombus |
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| inflammation of the pericardium that can occur after an MI |
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| most common type of heart failure in which the heart is unable to sufficiently pump |
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| type of heart failure in which the heart is unable to relax and fill |
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| type of heart failure in which the heart is unable to relax and fill |
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| heart sound that if new indicates heart failure |
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| heart sound that if new indicates an MI |
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| heart sound heard when blood slams into a non-compliant ventricular wall after the atrial kick late in distole |
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| an S4 heart sound occurs in late diastole immediately ______ |
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| pulmonary congestion is a sign of ___ sided heart failure |
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| ____ sided heart failure results in blood backing up in the veins of the body |
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| ____ sided heart failure may present w/ wieght gain, edema in dependant tissues, periorbital edema, ascites, n/v, anorexia |
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first compensatory mechanism to react w/ heart failure
- least effective |
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| during heart failure, decreased CO will lead to decreased renal perfussion which triggers the activation of _____ |
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| renin angiotensin aldosterone system activation |
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| decreased CO in heart failure will stimulate the release of ____ to increase water reabsorption by the kidneys |
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| heart failure compensatory mechanism that allows the heart to work harder to make up for decreased CO |
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| occurs because the compensatory mechanisms of the heart eventually make the heart worse |
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| medication type used in heart failure to block the negative effects of the SNS on the heart |
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| heart failure medication used to increase contractility and decrease HR |
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| a pt with heart failure should contact a dr for a weight gain greater than ___ in 2 days or ___ in a week |
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| heart failure treatment in which the latissimus dorsi muscle is wrapped around the heart to aid in contractility and increase CO |
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| left ventricular assist device (LVAD) |
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| implantable pump used to help pump blood from the left ventricle to the heart in heart failure |
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inflammatory disease of the heart potentially involving all 3 layers
develops after streptococci infection |
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| rheumatic fever ussually develops after an ______ |
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| upper respiratory infection (strep throat) |
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| firm, small, painless bumps over joints that results from rheumatic fever |
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| if rheumatic fever is left untreated, it can lead to ______ |
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| rheumatic heart disease; heart inflammation which causes scarring, thickening rigid heart valves |
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| splinter hemorrhages under the fingernails area s/s of ___ |
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| infective bacterial endocarditis |
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| a white centered hemorrhage in the eye that is a s/s of infective bacterial endocarditis |
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| A particular type of hemoglobin that is altered so that it is useless for carrying oxygen and delivering it to tissues throughout the human body. |
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| The baroreflex or baroreceptor reflex is |
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| one of the body's homeostatic mechanisms for maintaining blood pressure. It provides a negative feedback loop in which an elevated blood pressure reflexively causes heart rate to decrease therefore causing blood pressure to decrease; likewise, decreased blood pressure activates the baroreflex, causing heart rate to increase thus causing an increase in blood pressure. |
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has only 4 possible outcomes for recording (as opposed to the 13 possible outcomes on the Glasgow Coma Scale). The assessor should always work from best (A) to worst (U) to avoid unnecessary tests on patients who are clearly conscious. The four possible recordable outcomes are:
Alert
Voice
Pain
Unresponsive to pain |
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E Expose— remove clothing as necessary to examine
F Fahrenheit - Remember to keep victim warm
G Get - a set of vital signs Pulse, Respirations
H History- of injury and suspected injury followed by past medical history.
The secondary survey is a systematic, brief (2–3 minutes) exam of the patient from head to toe.
The purpose is to detect and prioritize additional injuries or to detect signs of underlying medical conditions. |
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| SAMPLE Format for EMS Interview |
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S Signs/Symptoms
A Allergies
M Medications
P Pertinent Past History
L Last oral intake: Solid or liquid
E Events leading to the injury or illness |
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| The mnemonic D-O-T-S is helpful in remembering the signs of injury. |
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| Deformities, Open injuries, Tenderness & Swelling |
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| Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is |
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| usually one of three diseases involving the coronary arteries: ST elevation myocardial infarction (30%), non ST elevation myocardial infarction (25%), or unstable angina (38%). |
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| compromise of circulation with out permanent myocardial damage |
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| (no S-T Elevation (but still), Myocardium Infarction) compromise of circulation with myocardial damage |
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| (S-T Elevation Myocardium Infarction) acute loss of circulation with myocardial damage |
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| Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplast |
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| Cardiac ischemia/Medical management |
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Oxygenation
Decrease Preload
Reduce Afterload
Minimize Pain
PTCA
Clot Busters |
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| 1. : arising spontaneously or from an obscure or unknown cause |
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inhibit platelet aggregation by blocking receptors,
blocking adherence of platelets to endothelial lining |
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| a process that prevents blood clots from growing and becoming problematic. |
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* streptokinase,
* urokinase,
* ATP alteplase, |
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