Term
| The action of the respiratory muscles during inspiration causes intrathoracic pressure to become more negative, thereby increasing ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or false
the evaporative loss of water during breathing reduces total body water and, ultimately, blood volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What systems controls blood composition in terms of cell constituents and plasma proteins. |
|
Definition
| hematopoietic organs and liver |
|
|
Term
| The hematocrit and large proteins (e.g., fibrinogen) are major determinants of blood ________ and therefore of blood flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Because the plasma proteins also determine colloid osmotic pressure, they are a major component of the _________ forces, which determine the distribution of extracellular fluid (ECF) between the interstitium and the blood plasma. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 principal organs that determine the input and output of electrolytes and water, and mainly responsible for controlling the volume and electrolyte composition of ECF |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the loss of extracellular fluid volume (reduces or increases) the effective circulating volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the single most important requirement for proper operation of the cardiovascular system |
|
Definition
| Appropriate systemic arterial pressure |
|
|
Term
True or false
The brain and heart will receive adequate blood flow with adjustments made in the peripheral circulation when there is not sufficient arterial pressure |
|
Definition
false
Without sufficient arterial pressure the brain and heart do not receive adequate blood flow no matter what adjustments are made in the peripheral circulation |
|
|
Term
True or false
Blood pressure depends on the blood volume and the distensibility of the blood vessels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Local blood flow control can be divided into what 2 phases? |
|
Definition
Acute, short-term
long term |
|
|
Term
| What type of local blood flow control is achieved by rapid changes in local vasodilation and vasoconstriction of the arterioles, metarterioles, and precapillary sphincters occurring within seconds to minutes. Mechanisms also target the heart and adrenal medulla. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of local blood flow control involves pathways that target the blood vessels as well as the kidneys in the control of the extracellular fluid volume that involves changes over days to weeks to months? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *The arterial ____________ are the single most important mechanism for providing short-term regulation of arterial pressure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 effector organs in short term regulation of mean arterial pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Parts of the brain:
What is the primary site of regulation (receives input)
Which serves as an integrative region for coordinating cardiovascular responses
What influence cardiovascular function, for example under times of emotional stress. |
|
Definition
medulla
hypothalamus
cortex |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 roles of the cardiovascular center in control of blood pressure |
|
Definition
help regulate heart rate & stroke volume
specific neurons regulate blood vessel diameter |
|
|
Term
| What are the arterial baroreceptor in the feedback pathway for blood pressure control? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What nerve innervates the carotid sinus?
What nerve innervates the aortic arch?
Where do the 2 branches converge? |
|
Definition
sinus nerve (br of glossopharyngeal IX)
vagus nerve (X)
nucleus tractus solitaries of the medulla |
|
|
Term
| Is the aortic arch or carotid sinus the more important baroreceptor? |
|
Definition
carotid sinus (maximal sensitivity occurs near normal mean arterial pressure)
aortic arch has a higher threshold to pressure and less sensitive |
|
|
Term
| Do baroreceptors respond to chemical change, stretch, or temperature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An increase in arterial baroreceptor discharge causes an increase in (sympathetic or parasympathetic) nerve activity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In blood vessels, sympathetic activation (constricts or dilates) arteries and arterioles |
|
Definition
contricts
increases resistance and decreases distal blood flow |
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic-induced constriction of veins (capacitance vessels) decreases venous compliance and blood volume, and thereby (increases or decreases) venous pressure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In addition to arterial baroreceptors stretch receptors are located in the ________ junctions of the heart (cardiopulmonary receptors) which respond to atrial filling and contraction.
These receptors are also known as _______ receptors |
|
Definition
venoatrial
volume (they modulate blood volume rather than arterial pressure) |
|
|
Term
True or False
blood volume is a primary determinant of cardiac output and therefore arterial pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Volume receptors (increase or decrease) activity when venous return is increased with a resultant increase in heart rate.
This is known as _______ reflex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
An increase in blood volume and venous pressure stimulates other receptors to decrease _______ hormone release by the posterior pituitary.
This will result in an (increase or decrease) in water excretion. |
|
Definition
antidiuretic
increase (=decrease in blood volume) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 competing mechanisms in order to maintain cardiac output? |
|
Definition
baroreceptor reflex (prevails during volume depletion)
bainbridge reflex (prevails during volume loading) |
|
|
Term
| Which receptors monitor PO2, PCO2, and H+ concentrations and maintain these parameters within a narrow physiological range and primarily function to regulate respiratory activity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If we decreased oxygen and increased carbon dioxide levels or decreased pH (increase proton concentration), that would be detected by peripheral chemoreceptors. They then send a message to the medulla to the coordinating center that would then go on to cause ___________ and __________. |
|
Definition
bradycardia
vasocontriction |
|
|
Term
| What central chemoreceptor reflex is considered the "last ditch" response bc it is an emergency pressure control system that acts rapidly and very powerfully to prevent further decrease in arterial pressure whenever blood flow to the brain decreases dangerously close to the lethal level |
|
Definition
| cerebral ischemic response |
|
|
Term
| What central chemoreceptor reflex is triggered by an increase in intracranial pressure (CSF fluid) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the cerebral ischemic response, receptors in what part of the brain is responsive to an increase in Pco2 and/or a decrease in pH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
cerebral ischemic response or cushing reflex:
Which central chemoreceptor reflex causes intense vasoconstriction and cardiac stimulation? |
|
Definition
| cerebral ischemic response |
|
|
Term
cerebral ischemic response or cushing reflex:
Which central chemoreceptor reflex is a marked rise in mean arterial pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the cerebral and ischemic response, is there a marked (increase or decrease) in sympathetic outflow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of control contributes to the homeostasis of the circulation that operates on the scale of hours or days? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or false:
humoral controls release vasoactive substance only in the blood. |
|
Definition
False
Vasoactive substances released in the blood, or in proximity of vascular smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
True or false:
Humoral controls have vasoactive substances that modulate the effective circulating volume (ex: the kidney) |
|
Definition
False
Non-vasoactive substances that modulate the effective circulating volume |
|
|
Term
| What is considered when tissues of the body have the ability to regulate their own blood flow? |
|
Definition
| basal myogenic tone (BMT) |
|
|
Term
What is a decrease in O2 tension?
decrease in pH?
increase in pCO2? |
|
Definition
hypoxia
acidosis
hypercapnia |
|
|
Term
vasodilation or vasoconstriction
hypoxia
injured arteries and veins
acidosis
hypercapnia
decrease temperature
hyperkalemia
cardiac adenosine
lactate |
|
Definition
hypoxia-dilation
injured arteries and veins-constriction
acidosis-dilation
hypercapnia-dilation
decrease temperature-constriction
hyperkalemia-dilation
cardiac adenosine-dilation
lactate-dilation |
|
|
Term
| What type of hyperemia is the increase in organ blood flow that is associated with increased metabolic activity of an organ or tissue |
|
Definition
| active hyperemia (or exercise or functional hyperemia-increased oxygen consumption --> muscle stimulates production of vasoactive substance) |
|
|
Term
| What type of hyperemia is a rapid blood flow due to a build up of vasodilator metabolites during a period of occlusion. (tissue becomes deoxygenated and vasodilator metabolites washed out to restore normal resistance in vessels) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or false
Vasoactive substances, both endocrine and paracrine, cause blood vessels to contract or relax |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or false
epinephrine only causes vasoconstriction |
|
Definition
False
Epinephrine, if acting on a certain subtype will cause vasoconstriction, and vasodilation on another type |
|
|
Term
| What vasoactive substance is the factor that’s released in response to tissue injury that causes vasoconstriction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or false
Arginine vasopressin is also known as antidiuretic hormone. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ is released by endothelial cells and it is a vasoconstrictor. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Histamine is a vasoconstrictor or vasodilator?
nitric oxide? |
|
Definition
vasodilator
vasodilator (potent but short lived) |
|
|
Term
| Angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor or vasodilator? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What system is a very powerful system in maintaining blood volume in an emergency situation such as a hemorrhage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 effects of endothelia? |
|
Definition
| vasoconstriction and through feedback mechanisms on the endothelial cell itself, nitric oxide release that is a vasodilator |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 effects of vasopressin? |
|
Definition
| vasoconstriction and effects on kidney for water retention |
|
|
Term
True or false
A NO induced vasodilation of coronary vessels increases O2 delivery |
|
Definition
True
You can increase the blood flow to the myocardium by taking GTN which stimulates the release of NO that then causes coronary vasodilation |
|
|
Term
| Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) causes blood volume and pressure to (increase or decrease) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or false
Nitric oxide (NO) has long-lasting but mild vasodilator effects |
|
Definition
false
has brief but potent vasodilator effects |
|
|
Term
| Inflammatory chemicals – histamine, prostacyclin, and kinins are potent (vasodilators or vasoconstrictors) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alcohol causes BP to drop by inhibiting ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or false
Alcohol abuse leads to cardiac damage and hypertension |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting events that promote vasoconstriction and Na+ and water retention |
|
Definition
| Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) |
|
|
Term
| Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is released in the heart atria as a response to ________ |
|
Definition
| stretch (elevated blood pressure) |
|
|
Term
True or false
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) has potent diuretic and natriuretic effects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) (promotes or inhibits) excretion of sodium and water.
It (promotes or inhibits) angiotensin II production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or false:
ANP is released only in response to stretch to cause a decrease in blood pressure either by vasodilation or reducing blood volume by excretion of solute and water |
|
Definition
False
They’re not only released in response to stretch but in response to other factors (sympathetic stimulation and other feedback mechanisms) |
|
|
Term
True or false
baroreceptors and chemoreceptors start to have feedback within seconds while longer time frame effects (ex: release of aldosterone) are long-term effects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or false
If a person rapidly loses more than 10% or 20% of total blood volume from a large peripheral artery, the inadequate intravascular volume causes sequential decreases in central blood volume, venous return, ventricular filling, stroke volume, cardiac output, and thus mean arterial pressure |
|
Definition
False
If a person rapidly loses more than 10% or 20% of total blood volume from a large vein, the inadequate intravascular volume causes sequential decreases in central blood volume, venous return, ventricular filling, stroke volume, cardiac output, and thus mean arterial pressure. However, if the blood loss comes from a large peripheral artery, the mean arterial pressure in central arteries does not fall until cardiac output falls secondary to decreased venous return. |
|
|
