Term
| What are the 3 types of muscles |
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Definition
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Term
| Which muscle has Strong, quick discontinuous voluntary contraction |
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Definition
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Term
| Which muscle has Strong, quick continuous involuntary contraction |
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Definition
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Term
| Which muscle has Weak, slow involuntary contraction |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscle tissue is Derived from which embryological layer |
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Definition
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Term
What is the cell membrane of muscle tissue called?
cytoplasm?
ER? |
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Definition
Cell membrane = sarcolemma
Cytoplasm = sarcoplasm
ER = sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) |
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Term
| Contraction of all muscle depends on the interaction of ____ and ______ |
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Definition
| Contraction of all muscle depends on the interaction of actin and myosin |
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Term
| Contraction of all muscle is regulated by cellular _______ |
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Definition
| Contraction of all muscle is regulated by cellular calcium |
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Term
| What muscle tissue consists of tightly knit bundles of cells which produces a characteristic wave of contraction |
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Definition
cardiac
leads to a wringing out of the heart ventricles. |
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Term
| What is important in cardiac muscle tissue for muscle propagation (wave of contraction)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of muscle tissue has central nuclei (sometimes more than 1 nuclei) and very vascular tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
True or false:
Cardia muscle cells exhibit a cross-striated banding pattern different to that of skeletal muscle |
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Definition
false
exhibit a cross-striated banding pattern identical to that of skeletal muscle |
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Term
| Each cardiac muscle cell is covered by a sheath of __________ connective tissue containing a rich capillary network |
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Definition
endomysial
no perimysium or epimysium |
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Term
| Which muscle cells branch and form complex junctions between their processes and neighboring cells rather than form syncytial cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the characteristic dark-staining transverse lines that cross the chains of cardiac cells at irregular intervals? |
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Definition
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Term
True or false:
junctions may appear as straight lines or may exhibit a step-like pattern forming a transverse portion and lateral portion. |
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Definition
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Term
Which junctions run across the fibers at right angles?
Which junctions run run parallel to the myofilaments? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are Fascia adherens (zonula adherens) and Maculae adherentes (desmosomes) lateral or transverse junctions? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are Gap junctions lateral or transverse junctions? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which junction holds cardiac muscles at their ends for stability and anchoring sites for actin filaments of the terminal sarcomeres |
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Definition
| fascia adherens (zonula adherens) |
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Term
| Which junction are cell adhesion molecules bind cardiac cells together and prevents cells from pulling apart under constant contractile activity. |
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Definition
| Maculae adherentes (desmosomes) |
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Term
| Which junction provide ionic continuity between adjacent cells? |
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Definition
| gap junctions (mediate involuntary contraction) |
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Term
| What is the smallest repetitive subunit of the contractile unit which extends from Z-line to Z-line |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the boundaries of the sarcomere that provide attachment sites for actin molecules (thin filaments)? |
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Definition
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Term
In the sarcomere, what are the dark bands that is where actin and myosin overlap?
What are the lighter bands and what are they intersected by? |
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Definition
A bands
I bands intersected by Z line |
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Term
| The sarcoplasm is filled with long, cylindrical filamentous bundles called _______. |
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Definition
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Term
True or false:
The lateral arrangement of myofibrils causes the cross striations - due to the thick and thin filaments that run along the axis of myofibrils. |
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Definition
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Term
| (Thick or thin) filaments occupy the A-band, the central portion of the sarcomere. |
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Definition
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Term
| (Thick or thin) filaments have one end attached to the Z-line. |
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Definition
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Term
| Regions of thin filament that do not overlap with thick filaments are referred to as the ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the lighter zone in the A band that correspond to a region of only thick filaments |
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Definition
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Term
| The H-band is bisected by the ______ (region connecting adjacent thick filaments) |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the major protein at the M-line |
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Definition
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Term
Thin or Thick filament?
tropmyosin
troponin
myosin
actin |
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Definition
tropmyosin-thin
troponin-thin
myosin-thick
actin-thin |
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Term
| Which filament is present as long filamentous (F-___) made of two strands of globular monomers (G-____) |
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Definition
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Term
| Which filament is a long think molecule consisting of two polypeptide chains that run along the actin strands (stabilizing molecule) |
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Definition
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Term
Which filament is a complex of 3 subunits?
Which subunit attaches to tropomyosin
bind calcium ions
inhibits actin-myosin interaction |
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Definition
troponin - complex of 3 subunits
TnT - attaches to tropomyosin
TnC - bind calcium ions
TnI - inhibits actin-myosin interaction |
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Term
| Interaction of actin and myosin is dependent on the presence of ____ |
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Definition
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Term
What is released that causes the thin filament to be dragged toward the center of the sarcomere?
What must bind in order the release the hold (rigor)? |
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Definition
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Term
True of false:
During contraction, the thin and thick filaments are shortened. |
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Definition
False
During contraction - increase in the amount of overlap between the filaments.
At all times, thick and thin filaments retain their original length. |
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Term
| muscle contraction is initiated by depolarization of the ______ membrane which results in the release of Ca2+ |
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Definition
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Term
| SR consists of ________ surrounding each myofibril |
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Definition
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Term
| What are fingerlike invaginations of the sarcolemma that form a network of tubules that encircles the Z-band |
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Definition
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Term
| The complex consists of a T-tubule and one SR cisternae known as a ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the site of depolarization of the sarcolemma-derived T-tubules is transmitted to the SR |
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Definition
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Term
| Upon depolarization of the SR _____ concentrated in the SR are passively released into the vicinity of the overlapping thick and think filaments to bind to _______ to allow bridging between actin and myosin |
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Definition
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Term
| What is actively transported back in to the SR cisternae that results in cessation of contractile activity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is Ca2+ released actively or passively upon depolarization? |
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Definition
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Term
True or false:
innervation of cardiac muscle exhibit a nonspontaneous rhythmic contraction |
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Definition
false
Exhibit a spontaneous rhythmic contraction |
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Term
| The heartbeat is initiated, regulated and coordinated by specialized cardiac cells called _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| The cardiac cells are organized into nodes and highly specialized conducting fibers that generate and transmit the contractile impulse are called ________ |
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Definition
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Term
True or false
The conducting cells generate and transmit the contractile impulse to various parts of the myocardium in a precise sequence. |
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Definition
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Term
True or false
Cardiac muscle can only contract in a rythmic manner with direct stimulus from the nervous system |
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Definition
False
Cardiac muscle can contract in a rythmic manner without any direct stimulus from the nervous system |
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Term
True or false:
Nodes are innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves of the autonomous nervous system. |
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Definition
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Term
| Artial or ventricular muscle cells are smaller, and have fewer T-tubules? |
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Definition
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Term
| Left or right atrium cells have abundant secretory granules. |
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Definition
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Term
| Secretory granules in atrial tissue contain a polypeptide hormone called ______ that acts on kidney to cause Na+ and water loss. |
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Definition
| atrial natriuretic factor |
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Term
| Does atrial natriuretic factor raise or lower blood pressure |
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Definition
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Term
| Cardiac tissue contain numerous ______, reflecting the need for continuous aerobic metabolism |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the major fuel for the heart (transported to the cardiac muscle cells by lipoproteins) |
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Definition
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Term
| FAs are stored as ______ in lipid droplets in cardiac muscle cells. |
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Definition
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Term
True or false
a small amount of glycogen is present and can be broken down to glucose and used for energy in times of stress. |
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Definition
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Term
| Can cardiac muscle regenerate beyond childhood? |
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Definition
| has almost no regenerative capacity beyond childhood |
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Term
| What is cardia muscle tissue damage replace by? |
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Definition
| damage is replaced by proliferation of connective tissue |
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Term
| What type of muscle tissue is composed of elongated, non striated cells (cells packed in tight) |
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Definition
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Term
| Smooth muscle cells are enclosed by a ______ and network of __________ that serve to combine the forces generated by each smooth muscle fiber into a concerted action. |
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Definition
| Cells are enclosed by a basal lamina and network of reticular fibers |
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Term
| What muscle cells are fusiform with a single centrally-located nucleus? |
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Definition
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Term
True or false
tight packaging of smooth muscle tissue is achieved by lining up cells with the narrow parts of some cells against the broad parts of neighboring cells. |
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Definition
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Term
True or false
Skeletal muscle cell boarders become scalloped when contracted, and the nucleus becomes folded or has a cork-screw appearance. |
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Definition
False
Smooth muscle cell boarders become scalloped when contracted, and the nucleus becomes folded or has a cork-screw appearance. |
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Term
True or false
Gap junctions exist in smooth muscle |
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Definition
true
just like cardiac muscle |
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Term
True or false
Smooth muscles have T-tubules |
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Definition
False
no T-tubules, has caveolae |
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Term
| What are the invagination in the smooth muscle plasma membrane that act as primitive T-tubules |
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Definition
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Term
True or false
Bundles of containing thin and thick myofilaments crisscross perpendicularly through cells forming a lattice network. |
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Definition
false
Bundles of containing thin and thick myofilaments crisscross obliquely through cells forming a lattice network. |
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Term
What is NOT present in smooth muscle?
actin
tropomyosin
troponin
myosin |
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Definition
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Term
true or false
smooth muscle cells contract by a sliding filament mechanism similar to striated muscle |
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Definition
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Term
| Smooth muscle myofilaments are organized around _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| What is analogous to Z-line in smooth muscle that is an attachment site for thin filaments? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 types of dense bodies? |
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Definition
membrane-associated
cytoplasmic |
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Term
True or false
Smooth muscle dense bodies transmit contractile force to adjacent muscle cells and the reticular network. |
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Definition
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Term
| In smooth muscle contraction, myosin interacts with actin only with its _____ chain is phosphorylated |
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Definition
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Term
| In smooth muscle contraction, Ca2+ complexes with ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| In smooth muscle contraction, the Ca++/calmodulin complex activates enzyme __________ which phosphorylates myosin. |
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Definition
| myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) |
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Term
True or false
Smooth muscle contraction/relaxation can only be regulated by Ca2+ |
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Definition
False
contraction/relaxation can also be regulated by hormones that activate cAMP. |
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Term
True or false
Smooth muscle tissue is innervated by only parasympathetic nerves |
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Definition
false
tissue is innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves of the autonomous nervous system |
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Term
True or false
smooth muscle tissue occurs in large sheets |
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Definition
true
tissue occurs in large sheets such as those in the intestines, uterus, ureters.. |
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Term
True or false
Smooth muscle has spontaneous activity in the absence of nervous stimuli. |
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Definition
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Term
True or false
smooth muscle nerve supply has a function of modifying activity rather than initiating it. |
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Definition
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Term
True or false
smooth muscle receives both adrenergic and cholinergic nerve endings that act antagonistically. |
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Definition
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Term
True or false
If damaged, smooth muscle tissue is replaced with connective tissue |
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Definition
false
capable of an active regenerative response
after injury, viable muscle cells undergo mitosis to replace damaged tissue. |
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Term
True or false
Smooth muscle cells can undergo hypertrophy (increase in size) and hyperplasia (increase in cell number). |
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Definition
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