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cardio test 4
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67
Health Care
Undergraduate 2
04/15/2012

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Cards

Term
What is a risk factor?
Definition
A biological, emotional, or environmental trait or characteristic that either increases or decrease's ones chances of having a condition or disease.
Term
What diseases are we looking at the risk factors for?
Definition
Heart disease, stroke, cancer, and diabetes
Term
What does host susceptibility mean?
Definition
The tolerance/ sensitivity/ and predisposition toward an infectious disease, allergen, or other pathogen, lacking immunity or resistance.
Term
How many risk factors are there?
Definition
40 in all, 23 important ones for heart disease
Term
What are the primary and secondary risk factors for heart disease?
Definition
Primary:
hypercholesterolemia
HTN
smoking
sedentary lifestyle.

Secondary:
obesity
diabetes
stress
diet
personality type
race
gender
family history
age
triglyceride level
excessive alcohol
chronic infections
elevated fibrinogen level
abnormal platelet activity
low HDL
long term estrogen deficiency
kidney disease
thyroid problems
poverty/malnutrition
Term
What are the modifiable risk factors?
Definition
obesity
diabetes
stress
diet
alcohol
triglyceride level
personality type
estrogen
Term
What are the non modifiable risk factors?
Definition
race
gender
age
family history
poverty
kidney disease (depends on cause)
thyroid problem (depends on cause)
Term
What is the age for men and women?
Definition
Men > 45
Women > 55
Term
What are the steps for dealing with risk factors? And define intervention
Definition
1. Remove
2. Modify, reduce
3. Treat
4. Control

Intervention: any act performed to prevent or reduce harm or to improve the mental, emotional, or physical function.
Term
What is GFR?
Definition
Glomerular Filtration Rate (Kidneys)
- Measure of filtrate that plasma leaves behind when they go through the kidneys.
Term
Define SGOT and SGPT
Definition
Serum Glutamic Oxylacidic Insaminase (SGOT)- In heart, liver, kidneys, brain, spleen, and deals with proteins being broken down.

Serum Glutamic Oxylacidic Pyruvic (SGPT)
Term
How much cholesteroal does your body make and how much should you ingest per day?
Definition
makes 800-1500 mg/day
ingest <300 mg/day
Term
What are the three main modifiable risk factors?
Definition
Smoking, obesity, and sedentary lifestyle
Term
What is the single most preventable contributor to death and disease, responsible for more than 440,000 premature deaths in the US annually?
Definition
Tobacco
Term
With secondhand smoke, how many nonsmokers die from lung cancer and how many RTI's from secondhand smoke?
Definition
-3000
-300,000
Term
How many adolescents who try smoking will become addicted and lifelong smokers and how many people under the age of 18 will die prematurely because of smoking?
Definition
-1/2
-6.4 million
Term
What fraction of adults are overweight and what percentage are obese?
Definition
-2/3
-30%
Term
Define obesity and what it stems from
Definition
A function of an imbalance between calories consumed and calories burned through activity.

Stems from increase in fast food, soft drinks, supersized portions, and decrease in physical activity in the US population.
Term
Explain sedentary lifestyle
Definition
Inactivity. Sedentary death syndrome. Every person should accumulate 30 minutes or more of moderate intensity physical activity on most days of the week.
Term
Diseases caused by smoking
Definition
-chronic lung disease
-emphysema
-asthma
-heart disease
-stroke
-lung cancer
-laryngeal cancer
-oral cancer
-cervical cancer
-pancreatic cancer
-kidney cancer
-high blood pressure
-peripheral vascular disease
-sudden cardiac death
-osteoporosis
- peptic ulcer disease
-impotence
-dental disease
Term
How does family contribute to risk factors?
Definition
genes and lifestyle.
1. commitment to health (how you live,drive,personality)
2. food and nutrition (dieting, learning to cook)
3. exercise habits(value of it in home)
4. exposure to harmful products.
Term
How does race contribute to risk factors?
Definition
African Americans have a higher risk for heart disease and hypertension.

Then whites, mexicans, indians, hawaiin, and some asian.
Term
How does gender contribute to risk factors?
Definition
Males have a higher disease rate at an early age. There are 4x as many women than men who have heart disease over the age of 80. Women have same rate once they reach menopause (50-55)
Term
Average age of men and women with CHD
Definition
men-45
women-55
Term
Facts about smoking
Definition
-1 puff a day can start damaging cells and pathway to diseases
-A smoker is 7-15x more likely to have lung cancer
-2-30x more likely to have emphycema
-4-13x more likely to have throat cancer
-2-4x more likely to have coronary disease
-it takes 2 years to start seeing improvements of health after quiting
- takes between 3-4 times to quit
-cravings last 20-30 minutes
-1/3 gain lose and stay the same weight after quitting.
Term
Name the organs that hypertension has the greatest affect on
Definition
heart, brain, kidneys, vessels
Term
What is obesity related to?
Definition
heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, and elevated cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia)
Term
a 1% increase in cholesterol = ?
Definition
a 2% increase for risk factor
Term
What organ makes cholesterol? and how do you reduce cholesterol?
Definition
Liver; diet and exercise
Term
What animal foods contain the most cholesterol and which the least?
Definition
red meat; turkey, chicken, fish.
Term
What lowers blood fats?
Definition
anti-lipidemics
Term
Stress and behavior can affect HTN, like people with type A personality, or hot reactors
Definition
FACT
Term
What is pharmacology
Definition
Science dealing with interactions between living systems and molecules, especially chemicals introduced from outside the system.
Term
What is a drug
Definition
Any small molecule that when introduced into the body alters the body's function by interactions at the molecular level. Many are helpful. ex: glaucoma, use marijuana
Term
What are considerations when dealing with drugs
Definition
#1 is what the client needs
- correct choice between multiple drugs
- timing/ interval b/t doses
-dosage, concentration
- combination with a diuretic
-length of time, days, months
-side effects!!
-interactions with other drugs
**Administration:
-oral, intramuscular, IV, spinal, sublingual, inhalation, rectal, transdermal, patch, chewable, liquid
**Excretion:
-renal, biliary, pulmon, feces
Term
Name some potential side effects of drugs
Definition
hypertension
heart block
bradycardia
worsening heart failure
depression
fatigue
peripheal edema
skin discoloration
thyroid dysfunction
GI upset
Term
What are the CV Drug Categories and describe
Definition
-Beta blockers
-Antiadrenergic
-Alpha and Beta adrenergic blocking agents: These block impules from the sympathetic nervous (SN) system and are used for HTN, angina, and HF
-Calcium channel blockers: inhibit the flow of calcium across cell membranes of smooth myo tissue used in HTN, angina, fibrilation, and tachycardia.
- Nitrates and Nitroglycerin (NTG): are smooth myo relaxers and vasodialaters. can be oral, sublingual, or transdermal (skin patch) used in angina or chest pain.
-ACE inhibitors (most common) [Angiotensin-converting enzyme] :causes vasoconstriction and increase BP. Catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin. Inhibitors block this conversion used in hypertention CAD,CHF, Diabetes, kidney problems because they also inhibit sodium retention which affects edema.
Term
What is a diuretic?
Definition
a drug that promotes the formation and excretion of urine, there are over 50 diuretic drugs available in the US and canada, they reduce the volume of ECF, treatment for HTN, CHF, and Edema.
Term
Define antiarrythmic
Definition
A drug that chronically prevents , alleviates, or corrects an abnormal cardiac rhythmn, there are 30-40 of them.
Term
Define antilipidemic agents
Definition
drugs used to reduce the amount of lipids in the blood serum, thus reducing the risk of plaques and CVD. Used when there are elevated Total cholesterol (TC), LDL, TG, and MS(?)
Term
Define antibiotics
Definition
Bacterial infections, can be related to CV, such as endocar,pencar, rheumatic fever
Term
define antidepressants
Definition
moderate to sever depression, often occurs after a cardiac event. Patient may be prescribed one.
Term
What is a statin?
Definition
lipid-lowering medicine: a medicine that lowers blood cholesterol levels by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase. Often first choice for reducing cholesterol levels. (12-15 of them)
Term
Define the blood modifier, anticoagulant
Definition
its prevents or delays coagulation. the common ones are heparin, warfarin, and warfarin sodium
Term
Define the blood modifier, antiplatelet
Definition
any drug or substance that destroys platelets or inhibits their function. used to prevent clots, MI, strokes
Term
Name some respiratory agents and describe
Definition
-Bronchodialaters
-Anti-inflammatory agents: aspirin, makes platelets less sticky, sometimes they are steroid based.
Term
Name anti-diabetic agents
Definition
They depend on type I or II diabetes.
Some decrease glucose absorption.
Some are insulin and are in 4 groups: rapid acting, intermediate acting, both in combo, and long acting.
Some stimulate pancreas, some increase insulin activity.
Term
Name other programs/methods
Definition
obesity management
appetite supressants
fat inhibitors
smoking cessation
hypnosis
Term
Name typical treatments.
Definition
OXYGEN!!!!****
Nitroglycerin
analgesic: pain reliever
possible electrical defibrillator: the termination of inefficient, involuntary contractions by delivery of an electric shock to patients chest.
atropine: blocks parasym, if heart has stopped
lidocaine: topical anesthetic, lowers sensitivity to pain.
TT or thrombolytic therapy: administration of agent to dissolve an arterial clot.
Term
sympathetic... while parasympathetic...
Definition
raises, lowers
Term
How long do you have to fast before you have a blood test?
Definition
10-12 hours.
Term
What does serum mean?
Definition
blood
Term
What does BUN stand for and mean
Definition
Blood Urea Nitrogen (protein)
liver quality of dietary protein
Term
What is creatinine?
Definition
biproduct of creatine metabolism (blood, urine...) also they are high energy phosphate bonds
Term
What are the three main electrolytes?
Definition
sodium
potassium
chloride
Term
What is 2/3 of the blood proteins?
Definition
albumin
Term
Bilirubin
Definition
in the blood, relates to liver function that may contribute to jaundice.
Term
What is alkaline phosphatase
Definition
an enzyme found in bones, bileduct, liver.
Term
What should the cholesterol level be?
Definition
100-199
Term
What should the triglyceride level be?
Definition
(95% of fats you eat) 0-149
Term
HDL cholesterol level?
Definition
<39
Term
Thyroxine?
Definition
Indication of metabolism 4.5-12
Term
What is CBC and list sub
Definition
Complete blood cell count
WBC
RBC
Hemoglobin
Hematocrit
Term
What is MVC, MCH, and MCHC and RDW
Definition
MVC:mean corpuscular volume
MCH: mean corpuscular hemoglobin
MCHC: mean corpuscular concentration
RDW: Red Cell distribution width. (size of RBC's)
Term
What is C-reactive protein
Definition
not normally detected. its present and elevated when there is necrosis. you can start to see it in 24 hours of necrosis, falls at 3 days and completely falls in 2 weeks.
Term
what is a catheter
Definition
tube that removes substances
Term
What percentage of people with CHD are 65+
Definition
83%
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