Term
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Definition
| A biological, emotional, or environmental trait or characteristic that either increases or decrease's ones chances of having a condition or disease. |
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Term
| What diseases are we looking at the risk factors for? |
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Definition
| Heart disease, stroke, cancer, and diabetes |
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Term
| What does host susceptibility mean? |
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Definition
| The tolerance/ sensitivity/ and predisposition toward an infectious disease, allergen, or other pathogen, lacking immunity or resistance. |
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Term
| How many risk factors are there? |
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Definition
| 40 in all, 23 important ones for heart disease |
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Term
| What are the primary and secondary risk factors for heart disease? |
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Definition
Primary:
hypercholesterolemia
HTN
smoking
sedentary lifestyle.
Secondary:
obesity
diabetes
stress
diet
personality type
race
gender
family history
age
triglyceride level
excessive alcohol
chronic infections
elevated fibrinogen level
abnormal platelet activity
low HDL
long term estrogen deficiency
kidney disease
thyroid problems
poverty/malnutrition |
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Term
| What are the modifiable risk factors? |
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Definition
obesity
diabetes
stress
diet
alcohol
triglyceride level
personality type
estrogen |
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Term
| What are the non modifiable risk factors? |
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Definition
race
gender
age
family history
poverty
kidney disease (depends on cause)
thyroid problem (depends on cause) |
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Term
| What is the age for men and women? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the steps for dealing with risk factors? And define intervention |
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Definition
1. Remove
2. Modify, reduce
3. Treat
4. Control
Intervention: any act performed to prevent or reduce harm or to improve the mental, emotional, or physical function. |
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Term
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Definition
Glomerular Filtration Rate (Kidneys)
- Measure of filtrate that plasma leaves behind when they go through the kidneys. |
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Term
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Definition
Serum Glutamic Oxylacidic Insaminase (SGOT)- In heart, liver, kidneys, brain, spleen, and deals with proteins being broken down.
Serum Glutamic Oxylacidic Pyruvic (SGPT) |
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Term
| How much cholesteroal does your body make and how much should you ingest per day? |
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Definition
makes 800-1500 mg/day
ingest <300 mg/day |
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Term
| What are the three main modifiable risk factors? |
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Definition
| Smoking, obesity, and sedentary lifestyle |
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Term
| What is the single most preventable contributor to death and disease, responsible for more than 440,000 premature deaths in the US annually? |
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Definition
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Term
| With secondhand smoke, how many nonsmokers die from lung cancer and how many RTI's from secondhand smoke? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many adolescents who try smoking will become addicted and lifelong smokers and how many people under the age of 18 will die prematurely because of smoking? |
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Definition
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Term
| What fraction of adults are overweight and what percentage are obese? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define obesity and what it stems from |
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Definition
A function of an imbalance between calories consumed and calories burned through activity.
Stems from increase in fast food, soft drinks, supersized portions, and decrease in physical activity in the US population. |
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Term
| Explain sedentary lifestyle |
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Definition
| Inactivity. Sedentary death syndrome. Every person should accumulate 30 minutes or more of moderate intensity physical activity on most days of the week. |
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Term
| Diseases caused by smoking |
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Definition
-chronic lung disease
-emphysema
-asthma
-heart disease
-stroke
-lung cancer
-laryngeal cancer
-oral cancer
-cervical cancer
-pancreatic cancer
-kidney cancer
-high blood pressure
-peripheral vascular disease
-sudden cardiac death
-osteoporosis
- peptic ulcer disease
-impotence
-dental disease |
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Term
| How does family contribute to risk factors? |
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Definition
genes and lifestyle.
1. commitment to health (how you live,drive,personality)
2. food and nutrition (dieting, learning to cook)
3. exercise habits(value of it in home)
4. exposure to harmful products. |
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Term
| How does race contribute to risk factors? |
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Definition
African Americans have a higher risk for heart disease and hypertension.
Then whites, mexicans, indians, hawaiin, and some asian. |
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Term
| How does gender contribute to risk factors? |
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Definition
| Males have a higher disease rate at an early age. There are 4x as many women than men who have heart disease over the age of 80. Women have same rate once they reach menopause (50-55) |
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Term
| Average age of men and women with CHD |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-1 puff a day can start damaging cells and pathway to diseases
-A smoker is 7-15x more likely to have lung cancer
-2-30x more likely to have emphycema
-4-13x more likely to have throat cancer
-2-4x more likely to have coronary disease
-it takes 2 years to start seeing improvements of health after quiting
- takes between 3-4 times to quit
-cravings last 20-30 minutes
-1/3 gain lose and stay the same weight after quitting. |
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Term
| Name the organs that hypertension has the greatest affect on |
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Definition
| heart, brain, kidneys, vessels |
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Term
| What is obesity related to? |
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Definition
| heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, and elevated cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia) |
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Term
| a 1% increase in cholesterol = ? |
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Definition
| a 2% increase for risk factor |
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Term
| What organ makes cholesterol? and how do you reduce cholesterol? |
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Definition
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Term
| What animal foods contain the most cholesterol and which the least? |
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Definition
| red meat; turkey, chicken, fish. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Stress and behavior can affect HTN, like people with type A personality, or hot reactors |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Science dealing with interactions between living systems and molecules, especially chemicals introduced from outside the system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any small molecule that when introduced into the body alters the body's function by interactions at the molecular level. Many are helpful. ex: glaucoma, use marijuana |
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Term
| What are considerations when dealing with drugs |
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Definition
#1 is what the client needs
- correct choice between multiple drugs
- timing/ interval b/t doses
-dosage, concentration
- combination with a diuretic
-length of time, days, months
-side effects!!
-interactions with other drugs
**Administration:
-oral, intramuscular, IV, spinal, sublingual, inhalation, rectal, transdermal, patch, chewable, liquid
**Excretion:
-renal, biliary, pulmon, feces |
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Term
| Name some potential side effects of drugs |
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Definition
hypertension
heart block
bradycardia
worsening heart failure
depression
fatigue
peripheal edema
skin discoloration
thyroid dysfunction
GI upset |
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Term
| What are the CV Drug Categories and describe |
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Definition
-Beta blockers
-Antiadrenergic
-Alpha and Beta adrenergic blocking agents: These block impules from the sympathetic nervous (SN) system and are used for HTN, angina, and HF
-Calcium channel blockers: inhibit the flow of calcium across cell membranes of smooth myo tissue used in HTN, angina, fibrilation, and tachycardia.
- Nitrates and Nitroglycerin (NTG): are smooth myo relaxers and vasodialaters. can be oral, sublingual, or transdermal (skin patch) used in angina or chest pain.
-ACE inhibitors (most common) [Angiotensin-converting enzyme] :causes vasoconstriction and increase BP. Catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin. Inhibitors block this conversion used in hypertention CAD,CHF, Diabetes, kidney problems because they also inhibit sodium retention which affects edema. |
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Term
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Definition
| a drug that promotes the formation and excretion of urine, there are over 50 diuretic drugs available in the US and canada, they reduce the volume of ECF, treatment for HTN, CHF, and Edema. |
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Term
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Definition
| A drug that chronically prevents , alleviates, or corrects an abnormal cardiac rhythmn, there are 30-40 of them. |
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Term
| Define antilipidemic agents |
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Definition
| drugs used to reduce the amount of lipids in the blood serum, thus reducing the risk of plaques and CVD. Used when there are elevated Total cholesterol (TC), LDL, TG, and MS(?) |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacterial infections, can be related to CV, such as endocar,pencar, rheumatic fever |
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Term
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Definition
| moderate to sever depression, often occurs after a cardiac event. Patient may be prescribed one. |
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Term
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Definition
| lipid-lowering medicine: a medicine that lowers blood cholesterol levels by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase. Often first choice for reducing cholesterol levels. (12-15 of them) |
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Term
| Define the blood modifier, anticoagulant |
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Definition
| its prevents or delays coagulation. the common ones are heparin, warfarin, and warfarin sodium |
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Term
| Define the blood modifier, antiplatelet |
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Definition
| any drug or substance that destroys platelets or inhibits their function. used to prevent clots, MI, strokes |
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Term
| Name some respiratory agents and describe |
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Definition
-Bronchodialaters
-Anti-inflammatory agents: aspirin, makes platelets less sticky, sometimes they are steroid based. |
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Term
| Name anti-diabetic agents |
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Definition
They depend on type I or II diabetes.
Some decrease glucose absorption.
Some are insulin and are in 4 groups: rapid acting, intermediate acting, both in combo, and long acting.
Some stimulate pancreas, some increase insulin activity. |
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Term
| Name other programs/methods |
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Definition
obesity management
appetite supressants
fat inhibitors
smoking cessation
hypnosis |
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Term
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Definition
OXYGEN!!!!****
Nitroglycerin
analgesic: pain reliever
possible electrical defibrillator: the termination of inefficient, involuntary contractions by delivery of an electric shock to patients chest.
atropine: blocks parasym, if heart has stopped
lidocaine: topical anesthetic, lowers sensitivity to pain.
TT or thrombolytic therapy: administration of agent to dissolve an arterial clot. |
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Term
| sympathetic... while parasympathetic... |
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Definition
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Term
| How long do you have to fast before you have a blood test? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What does BUN stand for and mean |
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Definition
Blood Urea Nitrogen (protein)
liver quality of dietary protein |
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Term
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Definition
| biproduct of creatine metabolism (blood, urine...) also they are high energy phosphate bonds |
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Term
| What are the three main electrolytes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is 2/3 of the blood proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| in the blood, relates to liver function that may contribute to jaundice. |
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Term
| What is alkaline phosphatase |
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Definition
| an enzyme found in bones, bileduct, liver. |
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Term
| What should the cholesterol level be? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What should the triglyceride level be? |
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Definition
| (95% of fats you eat) 0-149 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Indication of metabolism 4.5-12 |
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Term
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Definition
Complete blood cell count
WBC
RBC
Hemoglobin
Hematocrit |
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Term
| What is MVC, MCH, and MCHC and RDW |
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Definition
MVC:mean corpuscular volume
MCH: mean corpuscular hemoglobin
MCHC: mean corpuscular concentration
RDW: Red Cell distribution width. (size of RBC's) |
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Term
| What is C-reactive protein |
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Definition
| not normally detected. its present and elevated when there is necrosis. you can start to see it in 24 hours of necrosis, falls at 3 days and completely falls in 2 weeks. |
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Term
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Definition
| tube that removes substances |
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Term
| What percentage of people with CHD are 65+ |
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Definition
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