Term
| Main function of the kidney |
|
Definition
| maintain normal body fluid volume & electrolyte balance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Urine production is ____ mL/min |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the basic urine-forming unit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reabsorption is greatest at the _______ ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Order of stuff in a nephron |
|
Definition
Glomerulous/Bowman's Capsule
Proximal Tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal Tubule
Collecting Duct |
|
|
Term
| The wall of the tubule is made up of... |
|
Definition
| a mono layer of epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
| Most of Na+ reabsorption (and H2O reabsorption) occurs in the ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where is Na & Water reabsorbed?
Proximal Tubule
Loop of Henle - thin descending
Loop of Henle - thin ascending
Loop of Henle - thick ascending |
|
Definition
Proximal Tubule - 65% of Na+ reabsorp + H2O
Loop of Henle - thin descending: no Na+, yes H2O
Loop of Henle - thin ascending: yes Na+, no H2O
Loop of Henle - thick ascending: yes Na+, no H2O/urea |
|
|
Term
| which segment of the Henle loop is responsible mainly for Na+ reabsorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Na+ reabsorption in the collecting duct is controlled by ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| H2O reabsorption in the collecting duct is controlled by ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Urea is impermeable in the _________ |
|
Definition
| Henle loop (thin descending, thick ascending), early distal, distal convoluted, late distal tubule & collecting duct |
|
|
Term
| NaCl is a major determinant of ________ in the body |
|
Definition
| extracellular fluid volume |
|
|
Term
| Diuretics increase ________ & _______ |
|
Definition
| rate of urine flow & Na/Cl excretion |
|
|
Term
| Initial effects of diuretics cause |
|
Definition
***increase in Na & Cl excretion
***decrease in blood volume
decrease in CO
decrease in BP |
|
|
Term
| Chronic effects of diuretics cause |
|
Definition
increase in Na & Cl excretion
decrease in blood volume
stimulation of compensatory mechanisms
decrease in Na & Cl excretion --> return to initial level
***decrease peripheral resistance |
|
|
Term
| ___% of Na is reabsorbed in the Loop of Henle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Loop Diuretics - Na/K/Cl symporter is located on the ______ side of the cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
block the Na/K/Cl symporter
(also disrupts reabsorption of Ca & Mg indirectly) |
|
|
Term
| Main therapeutic uses for loop diuretics (7) |
|
Definition
Acute pulmonary edema
Hypertension
Heart Failure
Edema
Ascites
Drug overdose
Hypercalcemia |
|
|
Term
| Main adverse effects for loop diuretics |
|
Definition
Fluid & electrolyte abnormalities
hyponaturemia --> hypotonia, circulatory collapse, thromboembolic episodes
hypo-Na,K,Cl,Ca,Mg-emia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ototoxicity
Hyperuricemia
Hyperglycemia
Dyslipidemia (increase LDL, decrease HDL) |
|
|
Term
| Most potent loop diuretic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Loop diuretic site of action |
|
Definition
| thick ascending limb of Loop of Henle |
|
|
Term
| Thiazide diuretics site of action |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| block Na/Cl symporter (inhibits their reabsorption) |
|
|
Term
| thiazides - main uses (4) |
|
Definition
HTN
edema
nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Ca nephrolithiasis |
|
|
Term
_____ effect of thiazides is altered when GFR is < ___ mL/min
exception (2 drugs) |
|
Definition
Diuretic (not BP lowering) effect
GFR < 35 mL/min
Exception: metolazone & indapamide |
|
|
Term
| thiazides - adverse effects (6) |
|
Definition
fluid/electrolyte imbalance
(hypo-Na, Cl, K, Mg-emia, hyper-Ca-emia)
***Hyper-uric-emia --> gout
hypotension
decrease glucose tolerance
sexual impotency
increase LDL, cholesterol, TG's |
|
|
Term
| thiazide with longest half life |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indapamide >> metolazone >> 1st gen thiazides |
|
|
Term
| K-sparing (Na channel blockers) site of action (2) |
|
Definition
| late distal tubule & collecting duct |
|
|
Term
| K-sparing (Na channel blockers) MOA |
|
Definition
inhibit renal epithelial Na channels
Normally: 1 Na reabsorbed --> 1 K kicked out
block this, no K gets kicked out |
|
|
Term
| which cells do K-sparing (Na channel blockers) work on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| K-sparing (Na channel blockers) adverse effects |
|
Definition
hyperkalemia
N/V/D
Headache |
|
|
Term
| which K-sparing (Na channel blockers) diuretic can reduce glucose tolerance & cause photosensitivity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| K-sparing (Aldosterone Antagonists) site of action (2) |
|
Definition
| late distal tubule & collecting duct |
|
|
Term
| K-sparing (Aldosterone Antagonists) act on what type of cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of receptors does aldosterone bind to? |
|
Definition
| mineralocorticoid receptors |
|
|
Term
| K-sparing (Aldosterone Antagonists) main uses |
|
Definition
useful in primary & secondary RAS overactivity
hyperaldosteronism
heart failure |
|
|
Term
| K-sparing (Aldosterone Antagonists) main adverse effects |
|
Definition
hyperkalemia
steroid problems --> gynecomastia, impotency |
|
|
Term
| Spironolactone may alter clearance of ______ _______ |
|
Definition
|
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