Term
| How does stress interact with disease (4) |
|
Definition
Physically- back and neck pain, headache
Behavioral - smoking, drugs,poor food choices
Emotional - depression, loneliness, cranky, food craving
Cognitive - memory lapse, poor attention |
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|
Term
| Breathing relaxation technique is best for? |
|
Definition
| good posture, more oxygen decrease BP and HR |
|
|
Term
| Mindfulness relaxation technique is good for? |
|
Definition
| to be aware of body and senses. Be more aware of what you are eating to make you feel more satisfied. |
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|
Term
| Music relaxation technique includes |
|
Definition
| soothing nature sounds without lyrics. Decrease Hr and BP, sleep |
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|
Term
| Meditation relaxation technique includes |
|
Definition
| thinking about nothing and letting things go. Decrease BP, HR |
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|
Term
| Visualization relaxation technique includes |
|
Definition
| mentally practicing the desired behavior in head (to stop smoking or lose weight) |
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|
Term
| Guided imagery relaxation involves? |
|
Definition
| Relaxing scenes that involve all senses to make you feel like you are there (ex at the beach). Decrease BP and HR. |
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|
Term
| Positive affirmation relaxation technique includes? |
|
Definition
| Positive statements that make you more sure of yourself (ex I will perform well on exam) |
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|
Term
| Progressive neuromuscular relaxation technique includes? |
|
Definition
| Go up and down body focusing on relaxing each part. For patients who don't know difference between tense or relaxed muscles |
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|
Term
| Biofeedback relaxation technique includes? |
|
Definition
| Using EMG, pulse, temperature to guage how tense or relaxed you are |
|
|
Term
| Physiological changes associated with relaxation response? |
|
Definition
| Metabolism, HR, BP, RR, Muscle tension all decrease |
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|
Term
| What is stress cardiomyopathy? |
|
Definition
| Broken heart syndrome - intense emotional or physical stress can cause rapid severe heart muscle weakness. Reversible may present like heart attack. |
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|
Term
| What is external locus of control? |
|
Definition
| Belief that outside factors determine your outcomes. |
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|
Term
| What is internal locus of control? |
|
Definition
| Responsibility for own self and belief that they can affect their own circumstances. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| intrusive dreams, amnesia, psychic numbing, hypervigilence, dissociative states, emotional anesthesia, dysphonia, survival guilt, irritability |
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|
Term
| Anxiety patient management? |
|
Definition
| relaxation, guided imagery, refer, desensitization, cognitive behavior therapy |
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|
Term
| Depression patient management? |
|
Definition
| encourage, positive feedback,empower, refer, EXERCISE! |
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|
Term
| Substance abuse patient management? |
|
Definition
| refer, emphasize healthy activities |
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|
Term
| Cardiopulmonary complications associated with substance abuse? |
|
Definition
| acute or chronic restrictive lung dysfunction, increased ventilation perfusion mismatching, decreased DLco, Hypoxemia, hypercapria |
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|
Term
| Hoe to strengthen coping strategies? |
|
Definition
| denying seriousness (short term), provide info (bite size), teach how to take care of themselves, set concrete and limited goals, recruit instrumental and emotional support, consider possible future events and stressful circumstances, gain manageable perspective |
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|
Term
| Transtheoretical model pre-contemplation |
|
Definition
| not considering change in next several months. EDUCATE THEM! |
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|
Term
| Transtheoretical model contemplation |
|
Definition
aware of problem and seriously considering making change.
EDUCATE, MENTALLY REHEARSE, VISUALIZe |
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|
Term
| Transtheoretical model preparation |
|
Definition
ready to try to change.
LIST ACTIVITIES WITH GOALS. IDENTIFY BARRIERS AND STRATEGIES TO OVERCOME. |
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|
Term
| Transtheoretical model Action |
|
Definition
Successfully taking active efforts to change
ENCOURAGE, POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT AND REWARDS |
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|
Term
| Transtheoretical model maintainence |
|
Definition
| Working to maintain behavioral change (>6mo) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Lapse - short break
Relapse - abandon and return to old ways |
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|
Term
|
Definition
An individual will perform a health behavior or preventative action depending on:
Perceived threat and the assessed sum of benefits minus barriers |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Confidence you can make a change.
If pt does not have this NOTHING WILL CHANGE. |
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|
Term
| Cultural concepts and cardiac risk factors |
|
Definition
| Food, traditions, beliefs/values, perception of beauty, attitude towards healthcare, family structure and support, exercise. |
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|
Term
| How do you prevent burn out? |
|
Definition
| go on vacation, engage in rec activities, refresh |
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|
Term
| What is latex allergy and what are signs and symptoms? |
|
Definition
IgE response from tactile, inhaled or ingested exposure to latex.
S&S: Urticaria, contact dermitis, naso-rhinitis, upper respiratory tract irritation, conjunctivitis, local agioedema, asthma, hyptension, anaphylaxis |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Slipknot, do not restrain on moveable object, secure, but not too tight, replace after PT session, no tripping hazard |
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|
Term
| Systemic effects of prolonged bed rest? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| can mouth breathers still benefit from o2 supplementation via nasal canula? |
|
Definition
| yup! still gets into mouth area |
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|
Term
| Signs and symptoms of O2 toxicity? |
|
Definition
O2 too high and maintained for prolonged period
S&S: substernal chest pain exacerbated by deep breathing, dry cough, tracheal irritation, pleuritic pain w inspiration, dyspnea, nasal stiffness and congestion, sore throat, eye and ear discomfort |
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|
Term
| Pulse oximetry and how it works? |
|
Definition
measures % hemoglobin saturated with O2 in arterial blood.
Probe placed on finger that emits 2 wavelengths of light to differentiate oxygenated from deoxygenated hemoglobin. |
|
|
Term
| What is normal O2 and when would someone need supplemental O2? |
|
Definition
Normal: 96-100%
Supplemental: when < or = 88% |
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|
Term
| How do you handle IV and central lines (PICC)? |
|
Definition
| Count lines and follow them. No kinking or pulling. Watch for infiltration. |
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|
Term
| IV vs Central and PICC lines? |
|
Definition
IV is in hand or forearm
Central line is in arterial or subclavian arteries
PICC line (peripherally inserted central catheter) is inserted to peripheral veins then advanced to larger |
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|
Term
| How do you deal with catheters? (4 things) |
|
Definition
Bag always below level of bladder
Bag not too full or backed up
Secure bag to clothing, AD to prevent tripping or tangling
Handle with care! |
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|
Term
| Basic principles of medical error prevention? (6) |
|
Definition
| simplify processes improve communication Increase management support Decrease punitive punishment Standardized protocols Empower patients |
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|
Term
|
Definition
P artnership of all stakeholders
R eporting errors w/o fear
O pen-ended focus groups
C ultural shift
E ducation and training programs
S tatistical analysis data
S ystem redesign |
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|
Term
| When is it allowable to share info? |
|
Definition
patient treatment
reimbursement payment
healthcare operations |
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|
Term
| Why cant you use cell phones with telemetry? |
|
Definition
| Telemetry units are based on radio frequency which cell phones interfere with. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| patient head low and body and legs on elevated and inclined plane |
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|
Term
| Reverse trendelenburg position |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Semi-sitting head of bed adjusted 45-60 degrees. Knees may or may not be bent. |
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|
Term
| Modified plantargrade position |
|
Definition
| Standing weight bearing throughout all extremities with hands on supporting surface |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| supine with hips and knees flexed with feet flat on mat |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Physicians, PAs, nurses,specialists, ST, OT, PT, Rec ther, psychological, social workers, case workers, nutritionists, pharmacologists, DME (medical supplier) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Skilled Nursing Facility. Temporary nursing care and rehab therapy. |
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|
Term
| What is inpatient rehab hospital care? |
|
Definition
| Temporary placement of high intensity rehab (at least 3 hours per day of multiple services). FIM scoring used. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Assisted living facility where patient lives. Person needs help with preparing meals, cleaning and other aspects of care. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| End of life care (6mo left). Inpatient or home. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Extended care facility aka "nursing home". For people to live with no rehab potential. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| home health PT or outpatient services. Pt must be home bound to have services brought to them. |
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|
Term
| What do you do if patient is having a seizure? |
|
Definition
| protect from environment, prevent fall, roll to side, dont put anything in mouth |
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|
Term
| What do you do if pt goes into cardiac arrest? |
|
Definition
| call 911, get AED, start CPR |
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|
Term
| What do you do if patient has hypoglycemia? |
|
Definition
| Rule of 15: stop all activity, sit pt down give 15g carb and check glucose in 15 min. |
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|
Term
| Signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia? |
|
Definition
| increased hunger, dizziness/headache, anxious and sweating, skipped meal |
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|
Term
| Posterior approach hip replacement precaution? |
|
Definition
Hip flex >90
Hip adduction
Internal rotation |
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|
Term
| Equipment needed for hip replacement? |
|
Definition
| abduction pillow, reclining wheel chair |
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|
Term
| How long should you wash hands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 wellness principles? |
|
Definition
| Physical, spiritual, social, occupational, emotional and intellectual |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| reducing risk factors of disease |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Early detection of disease and avoid further complications. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Limiting impact of established disease. |
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|
Term
| What is effect of lack of sleep on cardiovascular system? |
|
Definition
| hypertension, heart attack, heart failure, stroke |
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|
Term
| Sleep hygiene prescription (10) |
|
Definition
| regular bed and wake schedule Relaxing bedtime routine Dark, quiet, comfortable and cool environment comfortable mattress and pillows SLeep and sex only for bedroom no eating 2-3 hours before bed Exercise regularly few hours before bed Avoid caffeine around bedtime Avoid nicotene Avoid alcohol |
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|
Term
| What is involved in health risk assessment? |
|
Definition
| Questionnaire (PAR-Q and YOU), vital signs, health history, medications |
|
|
Term
| What is involved in a fitness assessment? |
|
Definition
| Medical history, musculoskeletal eval(flexibility, posture, strength, stability) |
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|
Term
| What is involved in body composition analysis? healthy ranges? |
|
Definition
determining amount of fatty tissue vs muscle mass
Women: 20-32%
Men: 10-22%
Bod pod, DEXA, Hydrostatic weighing, electrical impedence, skinfold |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| measures difference between body mass and body volume by displacement of air |
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|
Term
| How does hydrostatic weighing work? |
|
Definition
| displacement of water to measure difference bw body mass and volume |
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|
Term
| How does electrical impedence work? |
|
Definition
| measure body mass by sending a little electricity through the body after you enter height and weight |
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|
Term
| How do you calculate BMI? |
|
Definition
| Weight in lbs x 700 then divide by height in inches squared |
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|
Term
| What transfer would you do if pt was max assist? |
|
Definition
| hydraulic lift, 2 person lift, dependant stand and pivot |
|
|
Term
| what transfer would you do if patient required mod/min assist? |
|
Definition
| sliding board, push up transfer, assisted standing pivot |
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|
Term
| What is stroke volume? Normal? |
|
Definition
Total volume of blood ejected from L ventricle through the valve during systole
Normal: 55-100 mL/beat |
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|
Term
| Path of cardiac electrical conduction? |
|
Definition
| SA node --> atria --> AV node --> bundle of His --> Purkinjie fibers --> septum --> ventricles |
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|
Term
| What does the P wave on ECG represent? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What does the PRS segement on ECG represent? |
|
Definition
| conduction through AV node |
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|
Term
| What does the QRS complex on ECG represent? |
|
Definition
| ventricular depolarization |
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|
Term
| What does the ST segment on ECG represent? |
|
Definition
| initiation of ventricular depolarization |
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|
Term
| What does the T wave on ECG represent? |
|
Definition
| complete ventricular repolarization |
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|
Term
| What is ECG clinically useful to identify? |
|
Definition
| Arrhythmias, ectopy (premature ventricular contractions), conduction abnormalities, perfusion abnormalities, MIs |
|
|
Term
| What are some invasive methods monitoring of heart? (4) |
|
Definition
Left heart cathetarization/coronary angiogram
R heart cathetarization
Transesophageal echocardiogram
Invasive monitors (central line) |
|
|
Term
| What clinical tests and measures can be used to gauge cardiac function? (2) |
|
Definition
| Exercise tolerance test (stress test) or pharmacological stress test |
|
|
Term
| What is ejection fraction? Normal? |
|
Definition
% of blood that was in left ventricle at end of diastole that was ejected into aorta during systole.
It is the relationship between stroke volume (SV) and the left ventricle end diastole volume (LVEDV). EF = SV / LVEDV
Normal: 55-75% |
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|
Term
| What happens during exercise stress test? |
|
Definition
| Increasing intensity of activity while monitoring ECG, BP and RPE. |
|
|
Term
| What is a cardiac echocardiogram? |
|
Definition
| Ultrasound to evaluate function of the heart |
|
|
Term
| What is compensatory tachycardia? |
|
Definition
| increase in HR as the body's response to a loss in volume (surgery or dehydration) to maintain CO in presence of reduced SV. |
|
|
Term
| What is chronotropic incompentance? |
|
Definition
| Insufficient HR response in presence of increased VO2 (effort) |
|
|
Term
| What is blood composed of? (4) |
|
Definition
| Red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), platelets and plasma |
|
|
Term
| What is function of red blood cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is function of white blood cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is function of platelets? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is function of blood plasma? |
|
Definition
| transport nutrients, waste, hormones, CO2, electrolytes and thermal regulation |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal PH of blood? |
|
Definition
7.35 - 7.45
Acidosis (low)
Alkalosis (high) |
|
|
Term
| What does arterial system do? |
|
Definition
Carry oxygenated blood
Can vasoconstrict/dilate
Elastic and muscular |
|
|
Term
| What does the venous system do? |
|
Definition
Recieve deoxygenated blood
Need one way valves and skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
| What does lymphatic system do? |
|
Definition
defense
assist circulating body fluids
immune surveillance |
|
|
Term
| What is baroreceptor reflex? |
|
Definition
| Reflex that is activated by pressure or stretch on receptors located within internal carotid and aortic arch |
|
|
Term
| What do chemoreceptors do? |
|
Definition
| monitor O2 and CO2 concentrations |
|
|
Term
| What is autoregulation (of coronary arteries)? |
|
Definition
| A LOCAL effect that provides quick and direct response to a change in local metabolism or blood flow alteration |
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|
Term
| How does norepinephrine effect heart? |
|
Definition
| increases HR and force of contraction |
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic vs parasympathetic |
|
Definition
sympathetic (fight or flight) increases
parasympathetic (relaxation) decreases |
|
|
Term
R lung vs L lung:
Lobes and brochopulmonary segments |
|
Definition
R lung:
3 lobes, 10 bronchopulmonary segments
L lung:
2 loves, 8 bronchopulmonary segments |
|
|
Term
| Which lung pleura is against the lung? (inside) and does not feel pain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which pleura of lung feels pain is outside layer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of thorax? (3) |
|
Definition
Protection of vital organs
Site of attachment of muscles of resp
Site of attachment of upper extremity muscles |
|
|
Term
| Primary muscles of inspiration? |
|
Definition
| diaphragm (innervated by phrenic – C3,C4,C5), scalenes, parasternals |
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|
Term
| What is diaphragm innervated by? Spinal segments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Accessory muscles of inspiration? |
|
Definition
| : sternocleidomastoid, upper trapezius, pectoralis major and minor, subclavius, and possibly the external intercostals |
|
|
Term
| primary muscle of expiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Accessory muscles of expiration? |
|
Definition
| abdominals, pectoralis major, and possibly the internal intercostals |
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|
Term
| Parts of upper respiratory tract? (3) |
|
Definition
| Nasal cavity, Pharynx, Larynx |
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|
Term
| Parts of lower respiratory tract? (6) |
|
Definition
| trachea, mainstem bronchi(2), lobar bronchi(5), segmental bronchi(18), bronchioles (terminal and respiratory), alveoli (gas exchange) |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the tracheobrachial tree? (5) |
|
Definition
Conducts air to the alveoli
Humidification, traps small particles
Moves mucus upward with the cilia
Warms the air via vascular supply
Elicits the cough reflex - survival |
|
|
Term
| What is normal BMI for women and men? |
|
Definition
|
|
