Term
| Penicillins treat what spectrum of bacteria |
|
Definition
| some gram negative, gram positive, and some chylamydiae |
|
|
Term
| What spectrum of bacteria does sulfonamides, cephalosporins, and carbepenems treat |
|
Definition
| some gram negative and gram positive drugs |
|
|
Term
| what spectrum of bacteria does streptomycin treat |
|
Definition
| some mycobacteria and gram negative bacteria |
|
|
Term
| what spectrum of bacteria does tetracycline treat |
|
Definition
| gram negative bacteria, gram positive bacteria, chylamdiae, and rickettsiae |
|
|
Term
| what spectrum of bacteria does isoniazid treat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what spectrum of bacteria does polymycin treat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what spectrum of bacteria does vancomycin treat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what classification of antibiotics act on dna gyrase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what class of antibiotics act on RNA polymerase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what classs of antibiotics act on protein synthesis, 30S inhibitors |
|
Definition
| tetracycline, streptomyocin, aminoglycosides |
|
|
Term
| what class of antibiotics act inhibit protein synthesis by inhibiting 50S |
|
Definition
| macrolides (erythromycin), chlorphenicol |
|
|
Term
| what class of antibiotics inhibit folic acid biosynthesis |
|
Definition
| trimethoprim, sulfonamides |
|
|
Term
| what class of antibiotics inhibit cell wall synthesis |
|
Definition
vancomycin
peniclllins
cephalosporins |
|
|
Term
| what class of antibiotics act of the cell membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the mechanism of action of penicillins |
|
Definition
| bind to PBPs and inhibit the transpeptidase step which results in cell lysis |
|
|
Term
| what is the spectrum of activity of penicillins |
|
Definition
e coli, proteus mirabilis, salmonella, shigella, h. influenza, gram positive organism
common to treat syphilis |
|
|
Term
| what are the common adverse effects of penicillins |
|
Definition
| hypersensitivity, seizures, and gi disturbances |
|
|
Term
| what is the mechanism of action of beta lactamase inhibitors |
|
Definition
| inhibit the enzyme beta lactamase by binding to it and thus protecting the accompanying antibiotic |
|
|
Term
| what is the advantage of using fluroquinolones |
|
Definition
| achieve a much higher concentration in blood stream and therefore bactericidal against systemic organims |
|
|
Term
| what is the mechanism of action of fluoroquinoles |
|
Definition
| inhibit DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) thus blocking DNA synthesis |
|
|
Term
| what is the spectrum of activity of fluroquinilones |
|
Definition
| aerobic gram negative bacteria and many gram positvie organims |
|
|
Term
| what are the adverse effects of fluoroquinolones |
|
Definition
CNS: headaches, dizziness, and insomnia
GI effects: diarrhea, nausea, abnormal liver function test
photosensitivity |
|
|
Term
| why are beta lactams are combined with penicillin |
|
Definition
| they protect the penicillin by inhibiting the enzyme beta lactamase by binding to it |
|
|
Term
| what are the adverse effects of clindamycin |
|
Definition
| destroys normal flora and allows C. diificile to grow and secrete toxins |
|
|
Term
| what are the major side effects of aminoglycosides |
|
Definition
| ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neuromuscular blockade |
|
|
Term
| what is a good alternative for penicillins when you need a broad spectrum drug |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the mechanism of action of clindamycin |
|
Definition
| binds to 50s ribosomal subunit inhibits protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
| what is the clinical use of clindamycin |
|
Definition
| treatment of severe infections by anaeorbic bacteria such as Bacteriodes fragilis, streptococci, staphylococci, and pneumococci |
|
|
Term
| what is the mechanism of action of aminoglycosides |
|
Definition
| bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibit protein synthesis by blocking the formation of the intiation complex process and translocation step |
|
|
Term
| what is significant about clarithromycin and azithromyocin |
|
Definition
| it has fewer adverse effects |
|
|
Term
| what are the contraindications of flouroquinolone |
|
Definition
| being a child and pregnant |
|
|
Term
| what can happen if you give flouroquinolones to a child or a pregnant woman |
|
Definition
| it can cause cartilage erosion |
|
|
Term
| what is fluoroquinolines effect on theophylline |
|
Definition
| it increase plasma theophyline levels |
|
|
Term
| what are many anti viral drugs |
|
Definition
| purine or pyrimidine analogs |
|
|
Term
| what are anti viral drugs mechanism of action |
|
Definition
| it inhibits active replication |
|
|
Term
| what is essential for recovery from a viral infection |
|
Definition
| effective host immune response |
|
|
Term
| what drugs would you use if a patient is allergic to penicillin |
|
Definition
| vancomycin or first generation cephalosporin |
|
|
Term
| what drugs do you use to treat streptococci |
|
Definition
| penicillin G, ceftriaxone, vancomyocin, |
|
|
Term
| what drugs do you use in combination with gentamicin to treat streptococci |
|
Definition
| penicillin G, ceftriaxone |
|
|
Term
| what drugs do you use if the streptocci is relatively resistant to penicillin |
|
Definition
penicillin G or ceftriaxone plus gentamicin
vancomycin |
|
|
Term
| what drugs do you use if streptococci is moderately resistant to penicillin |
|
Definition
penicillin G/ ceftriaxone plus gentamicin
vancomycin |
|
|
Term
| what drugs do you use with gentamicin for treating enterococci |
|
Definition
| penicillin G, ampicillin, vancomycin |
|
|
Term
| what drugs do you give to methicillin susceptible staphylococci in addition to oxacillin |
|
Definition
| gentamycin, vancomycin, rifampin |
|
|
Term
| what drug do you give to methicillin resistant staphylcocci |
|
Definition
| vancomycin, gentamicin, rifampin |
|
|
Term
| what drugs do you give to patients that have endocarditis that is caused by HACEK |
|
Definition
| ceftriaxone, ampicillin/sulbactam |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common viral cause of myocarditis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are two bacterial causes of myocarditis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the mechanism of action of cyclophosphamide |
|
Definition
| forms DNA cross-links, resulting in inhibition of DNA synthesis and function |
|
|
Term
| what are the clinical applications of cyclophospamide |
|
Definition
| breast cancer, ovarian cancer, non-Hodkins lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, neuroblastoma |
|
|
Term
| what are the toxicities/side effects of cyclophosphamide |
|
Definition
| bone marrow depression, severe nausea and vomiting, acute hemorrhagic cystitis and renal damage, sterility, hypersensitivity reaction |
|
|
Term
| what is the mechanism of action of cisplatin |
|
Definition
| forms crosslinks within DNA strands |
|
|
Term
| what are the clinical uses of cisplatin |
|
Definition
| testicular cancer, combination therapy in malignant cardiac tumors, carcinomas of ovary, bladder, head and neck |
|
|
Term
| what is used in transplantations to control rejection reactions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the mechanism of action of 5-FU |
|
Definition
| inhibits thymidylate synthase, and its metabolites are incorporated into RNA and DNA, all resulting in inhibition of DNA synthesis and function and in RNA processing |
|
|
Term
| what are the clinical applications of 5-FU |
|
Definition
| gi cancers, breast cancer, head and neck cancer, hepatocellular cancer |
|
|
Term
| what are the side effects associated with 5-FU |
|
Definition
| GIT epithelial damage, diarrhea and mouth ulcers, bone marrow suppression, nausea, mucositis, neurotoxicity |
|
|
Term
| what is doxorubicin mechanism of action |
|
Definition
| interfers with the cells' production of DNA and RNA by inserting itself between adjacent base pair causing local uncoiling thus blocking DNA and RNA synthesis |
|
|
Term
| which topoisomerse does doxorubicin inhibit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the clinical applications of doxorubicin |
|
Definition
| multiple cancers including breast, bone, ovarian, and leukemia, ALL, non hodgkin lymphoma |
|
|
Term
| what are the side effects associated with doxorubicin |
|
Definition
| irreversible cardiotoxicity, hypersensitivity, myelosuppression, nausea, vomiting, and diarrha, urine and tears may turn red |
|
|
Term
| what phase of the cell cycle is bleomycin expresses cytotoxicity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does bleomycin effect DNA |
|
Definition
| degrades it causing chain fragmentation and release of free bases through the formation of free radical |
|
|
Term
| what are bleomycin side effects |
|
Definition
| pulmonary toxicity, raynaud's phenomenon, headache, nausea, and vomiting |
|
|
Term
| what part of the cell cycle does vincristine and vinblastine target |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is vincristine mechanism of action |
|
Definition
| it binds to tubulin inhibiting polymerization of microtubule structures |
|
|
Term
| what is the main side effect of vincristine |
|
Definition
|
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