Term
|
Definition
| heart muscle does not pump effectively, resulting in decreased cardiac output |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
left: results in pulmonary congestion (pulmonary edema)
-*dyspnea, crackles, orthopnea, fatigue, pink/frothy sputum *
right: results in systemic congestion
*jugular vein distention, peripheral edema, ascites hepatomegaly* |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hBNP elevated <>100 pg/mL) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. hemodynamic monitoring: increased CVP, PAWP; decreased CO
2. echocardiogram: reduced ejection fraction (left normal: 55-70%, right 45-60%) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
monitor daily weights
position patient in high fowlers
administer O2
restricted fluid and sodium intake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
diuretics
adterload-reducing meds (ACE inhibitors, angiotensin 2 receptors blockers, calcium channel blockers)
inotropic agents (digoxin)
beta blockers
vasodilators (nitroglycerin)
human b-type natriuretic peptides (hBNP)
anticoagulant |
|
|
Term
| valvular heart disease 2 types |
|
Definition
1. stenosis: narrowed opening
2. insufficiency: regurgitation of blood |
|
|
Term
| key risk factors of valvular heart disease |
|
Definition
-HTN
-rheumatic fever/disease r/t *streptococcal infections*
-infective endocarditis r/t *streptococcal infections*
-older age (causes fibrotic thickening |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of valvular heart diease |
|
Definition
murmurs
extra heart sounds
arrythmuas
dyspnea with mitral stenosis or insufficiency |
|
|
Term
| diagnosis of valvular heart diease |
|
Definition
chest xray
ekg
echocardiogram |
|
|
Term
| valvular heart disease patient teaching |
|
Definition
| *prophylactic antibiotics need to be taken before dental work, surgery, or other invasive procedure* |
|
|
Term
| define pericarditis and key symptoms |
|
Definition
inflammation of pericardium
*chest pain (relieved by sitting up and leaning forward), friction rub, SOB |
|
|
Term
| define rheumatic endocarditis |
|
Definition
infection of endocardium due to upper respiratory infection from group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal bacteria, causes lesions to form on heart
*murmurm fever, chest pain, joint pain, rash, SOB, friction rub, tachycardia |
|
|
Term
| define infective endocarditis |
|
Definition
infection of endocardium due to streptococcal bacteria. Common with IV drug users.
*fever, flulike symptoms, murmur, petechiae, red streaks under nailbeds (splinter hemorrhages) |
|
|
Term
| lab tests for heart diseases |
|
Definition
increased WBC
positive blood culture
elevated ESR and CRP (due to inflammation)
*throat culture positive for streptococcal infection* |
|
|
Term
| peripheral arterial disease |
|
Definition
| inadequate blood flow to lower extremities due to artherosclerosis |
|
|
Term
| risk factors peripheral arterial disease |
|
Definition
hypertension
diabetes
smoking
obesity
hyperlipidemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-*pain in legs during excercise (relieved by placing legs in dependent position-i.e. dangling them)
-decreased capilarry refill of toes
-*lack of hair on calves
-thick toenails
-*pallor w/elevation, depended rubor
-ulcers/gangrene on toes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-walk until point of pain, stop and rest, then walk a little more
-avoid crossing legs and restrictive garments
-maintain warm environment, wear insulated socks
-avoid cold, stress, caffeine, nicotine- which can lead to vasoconstriction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antiplatelet meds (aspiring) to reduce blood viscosity, statins |
|
|
Term
| define peripheral venous disorder and 3 types |
|
Definition
issue with adequate blood return from the extremities
1. venous thromboembolism (VTE): blood clot
2. venous insufficiency: caused by incompetent valves in the deeper veins. this can lead to swelling, venous ulcers, and cellulitis
3. varicose veins: enlarged superficial veins |
|
|
Term
| risk factors of venous thromboembolism |
|
Definition
*Virchow's triad (impaired blood flow, hypercoagulability, endothelial injury)*
hip and knee placement surgery, heart failure, immobility, pregnancy, oral contraceptives |
|
|
Term
| venous thromboembolism symptoms |
|
Definition
cal/groin pain
edema in extremity
warmth/hardness over blood vessel
*SOB* (PE) |
|
|
Term
| venous thromboembolism diagnosis |
|
Definition
| postive d-dimer, venous duplex ultrasonography |
|
|
Term
| venous thromboembolism nursing care |
|
Definition
elevation of extremity (no pillow or knee gatch under knees), warmth/moist compresses
No massaging limb
compression stockings
watch for S/S of pulmonary embolism (PE) |
|
|
Term
| Venous insufficiency risk factors |
|
Definition
| sitting/standing in one place for a long time, obesity, pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| venous insufficiency nursing care |
|
Definition
elevate legs
avoid crossing legs or restrictive clothing
compression stockings (apply in morning when swelling is reduced) |
|
|
Term
| venous insufficiency symptoms |
|
Definition
aching pain and feeling of heaviness in legs
brown discoloration of legs (stasis dermatitis)
BLE edema
venous stasis ulcers (usually around ankles) |
|
|
Term
| varicose veins risk factors |
|
Definition
female,
jobs that require prolong standing
pregnancy
obesity
family Hx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| distended/tortuous veins just below the skin surface, aching, pruritis |
|
|
Term
| varicose veins therapeutic procedures |
|
Definition
sclerotherapy (chemical solution is injected into varicose vein to close off the vein)
vein-stripping
laser treatment
radio frequency |
|
|
