Term
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Definition
| Heart is able to initiate its own electrial impulse and contraction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Causes a peaked T-wave. Potassium is the chief cation of intracellular fluid & has a critical role in mediating electrical impulses in nerves and muscles. If potassium levels become high it shows on electrocardiograms as a peaked T-wave. |
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Term
| Right Heart Failure (cor pulmonade) |
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Definition
| If the right side fails, blood will back up behind the right atrium in to the systemic veins which will cause jugular vein distention. |
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Term
| Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
| Mediated by the vagus nerve through release of acetylcholine precipitated by carotid sinus pressure, val salva maneuver, or distention of the bladder. When stimulated by whatever mechanism, slows the heart by depressing the activity of pacemaker sites. |
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Term
| Sympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
Mediated by nerves arising in the thoracic and lumbar ganglia through relase of Norepinephrine and by epinephrine, all sympathetic agents are classified as alpha or beta.
Alpha do not directly affect the heart but act on the smooth muscles in blood vessels.
Beta agents cause the heart to increase its rate & contractility as well as increase myocardial irritability. Beta Agents dilate both arteries and bronchi. Epi is beta. |
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Term
| Conduction system of PQRST |
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Definition
P= depolarization of the atria
PRI= Depolarization of the atria and delay at the AV junction.
QRS= depolarization of the ventricles.
ST Segment= period between ventricular depolarization and repolarization.
T= repolarization of the ventricles.
R-R Interval= time between two ventricular depolarization's. |
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Term
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Definition
| MI occurs when a portion of the cardiac muscle is deprived of coronary blood flow long enough that the muscle affected dies. |
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Term
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Definition
| 90% of the deaths from all MI's frequently occur within the first 2-3 hours of onset, during the early hours of the infarct. Dysrhythmia is the most sommon cause, most frequently ventricular fibrillation. |
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Term
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Definition
S/S: chest pain, diaphoresis, dyspnea, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, weakness, dizziness, palpatations, feeling of impending doom, usually a rapid pulse, BP may depressed
TX: Full arrest-- ACLS algorithm |
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Term
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Definition
most ocmmonly caused when (L) ventricle is most commonly damaged. The right side continues to pump blood to pulmonary circulation.
S/S: pulmonary edema, restlessness, agitation, confusion, dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia, elevated BP, rales & wheezes, frothy sputum in severe cases
TX: Morphine, Lasix, Nitroglycerin |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when blood backs up behind the right ventricle and increases the pressure in the systemic veins. This causes distended jugular veins, and with increasing pressure causes edema in the surrounding tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
occurs when the heart is severely damaged & can no longer pump an adequate pressure to maintain tissue perfusion
S/S: patient is typically confused, pale cold skin, rapid shallow repiration's, rapid weak pulse. |
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Term
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Definition
| TX: Keep patient flat, cerebral hypoxia caused by inadequate cerebral blood flow and is almost always of cardiac origin. Keep patient flat, apply O2, loosen tight clothing, elevate lower extremities, monitor vital signs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Carotid pressure, may cause syncope |
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Term
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Definition
occurs with blood in pericardial sack caused by stab wounds or blunt chest trauma.
Thready rapid pulse
Hypotension out of proportion to blood loss
Narrow pulse pressure (systole minus diastole)----Beck's triad
Distended neck Veins ---------Beck's triad
Muffled heart sounds ------Beck's triad |
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Term
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Definition
| HTN exist when resting BP is greather than 140/90. Patient c/o headache (when waking) usually located in the occipital region that subsides during the few hours after awakening, dizziness, weakness, epistaxis, blurred vision. Acute HTN S/S: BP 200/130, severe headache, nausea, vomiting, seizures, confusion, stupor & coma. |
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Term
| P-R Interval Depolarization |
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Definition
| represents the amount of time required for depolarization of the atria & conduction of the impulse through the AV junction. Normal is 0.12-0.20 sec |
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Term
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Definition
| depolarization of the ventricles. The QRS complex represents depolarization of the ventricles, a normal complex is narrow 0.04-0.12 seconds and it indicates conduction of an impulse, proceeded normally from the AV junction through the Bundle of His, (L) & (R) Bundle branches & perkinje fibers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Represents ventricular repolarization |
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Term
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Definition
<60 beats a min, may be caused by toxic levels of digitalis, quinidine, causing hypotension.
TX: Atropine, Isuprel if refractory or post-heart transplant. |
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Term
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Definition
101-160.
TX: the underlying cause |
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Term
| Super Ventricular Tachycardia |
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Definition
161-220. May cause congestive heart failure if persistent for any length of time.
TX: Vagal stimulation in stable patient, carotid sinus massage and immersion of patients' face in ice water (driver's reflext), then drug therapy & cardioversion in unstable patients. |
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Term
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Definition
350-600 atrial beats per min. 100-160 ventricular rate. Absent P-waves, instead there are fibrillatory waves.
TX: usually non in the field but may require cardioversion or digitalis. |
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Term
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Definition
240-360 atrial beats per min. 140-160 ventricular. Identified by the sawtooth pattern.
TX: if stable no tx in the field. If symptomatic, possible cardiovert. |
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Term
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Definition
| PR interval prolonged beyond .20 seconds |
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Term
| 2* Heart Block, Type I (Wenckebach) |
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Definition
progressively prolonged PR interval until a QRS complex is dropped.
TX: none if patient is stable. |
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Term
| 2* Heart Block, Type II (classic) |
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Definition
2:1, 3:1 conduction with consistent PRI.
TX: non if hemodynamically stable. If patient is bradycardic or perfusion not adequate then give Atropine. |
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Term
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Definition
P-waves not associated with QRS complexes, P-P is regular, R-R is regular but at different rates.
TX: Atropine, Transcutaneous external pacing, Isuprel. Never give lidocaine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lidocaine if criteria. Bolus IVP followed by a drip of 1-4 mg/min |
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Term
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Definition
| Bigeminy, Multifocal, differnet sized & shaped PVC's |
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Term
Ventricular Tachycardia TX
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Definition
| TX: precordial thump if witnessed. If patient is alert no signs of inadequate output administer Lidocaine. If patient suddenly becomes unconscious, thump and cardioversion. If V-tach without a pulse, tx as V-fib. Drug therapy is Lidocaine followed by bretylium. |
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Term
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Definition
No cardiac output equivalent to clinical death.
TX: BLS, airway, CPR, ACLS algorithm. |
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Term
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Definition
S/S: No rhythm with less 5 ectopic beats per min of electrical activity on the cardiac monitor without any palpable pulses. Check unresponsiveness, shake gently, make sure person is not just sleeping.
TX: CPR, ACLS, tx underlying cause. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Precordial thump, CPR, ACLS |
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