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Cardiac I
overview of CVS and diseases of the cornary artery and dysrhythmias
35
Nursing
Undergraduate 4
02/05/2016

Additional Nursing Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Eckman Article
Definition

This article discussed a mneumonic that was "BLAAST those MIs" which abbreviated Beta blockers, asprin, arb/ace, smoking cessation and talk to health care provider

beta blockers and asprin were given to patients within 24 hours of arrival

Beta blockers, lipid lowering drugs, apsrin, and Ace/arb were prescribed at discharge

beta blockers were shown to prevent further damage to heart if given at beginning of heart attack

Ace/arb prevent pumping action from weakening further after an MI

Term
depolarization
Definition

 

nelectrical activation of a cell caused by the influx of sodium into the cell while potassium exits the cell

 


 

Term
repolarization
Definition
return of the cell to resting state caused by rentry of K+ into the cell while Na exits
Term
effective refractory period
Definition
phase in which cells are incapable of depolarizing
Term
relative refractory period
Definition
period in which cells require a stronger than normal stimulus to depolarize
Term
stroke volume
Definition
amount of blood ejected with each heartbeat
Term
cardiac output
Definition
amount of blood pumped by the ventricles in liters per minute
Term
preload
Definition
deggree of stretch of the cardiac muscle to shorten in response to electrical activity
Term
contractility
Definition
ability of the cardiac muscle to shorten in response to an electrical impulse
Term
afterload
Definition
the resistance to ejection of blood from the ventricle
Term
ejection fraction
Definition
the percent of the end diasolitc volume ejected with each heartbeat
Term
Na and cardiac
Definition
variations do not affect cardiac function but H2O retention
Term
hypokalemia
Definition
can cause dysrythmias, vtach, vfib, digitalis tox
Term
hyperkalemia
Definition
can cause heart block, asystole, vent dysrhytmias
Term
hypocalcemia
Definition

slow nodal function

impair cardiac contractility

CHF

Term
hypercalcemia
Definition

potentiates dig toxicity

increased cardiac motility

increased risk for heart block

V fib

sudden death

Term
hypermagnesmia
Definition

magnesium-effects absoroption of Ca

depresses cardiac contraciltity and exciteability of myocardium

cause heart block or asystole

Term
hypomagnesmia
Definition
atrial and vent tach
Term
bun
Definition
elevation reflects reduced renal perfussion form dec CO
Term
Creatinine
Definition
most sensitive measure of renal function
Term
hba1c
Definition
reflects blood glucose for 120 days
Term
CK and CK-MB
Definition

cardiac biomakers

most specific cardiac enzymes

1st levels to increase

Term
troponin T and I
Definition

cardiac biomaker

specific to cardiac muscle

evelvated quickly-allows for faster dx

peak 2-4 hours, remains elevated for 1-3 weeks

Term
myoglobin
Definition

cardiac biomaker

not cardiac speci (renal, muscle)

small molecule-rapid inc

early inc in 1-3 hours

peaks 4-12 hours

returns to normal in 24 hours

if neg MI is r/o

 

Term
BNP
Definition

cardiac biomaker

neurohormone which regulates BP and fluid vol

secreted from ventricles in response to inc preload

BNP inc as vent walls expand

BNP inc in severity with of HF
BNP > 51 is mild heart failure

>1000 is severe heart failure

Term
c reactive protein
Definition

cardiac biomaker

produced by liver in response to inflamm and predict CVD risk

increase in levels of CRP greater than 3 are inc risk

elevated CRP proteins in patients with ACS @ high risk for reccurent cardiac events

 

 

 

Term
homocysteine
Definition

an AA which as it elevates indicates inc risk for CAD/stroke/PVD

linked to dev of arthersclerosis/damages endothelial lining of arteries, promotes thrombus formation

normal 5-15

mod 16-30

intermed risk is 31-100

high is over 100

Term
Coag studies PTT
Definition

measures intrinsic pathway of clotting mech and the effect of heparin

ther range is 1.5-2.5

heparin rate adjusted <50 sec (inc heparin) or over 100 (dec heparin)

 

Term
PT
Definition

measures extrinsic pathways

effects of coumadin/warfarin

not often used an independent measure

Term
INR
Definition

reported with PT, provides standard method for PT

used to monitor effect of warfarin

ther range is 2-3 for a fib

2.5-3.5 for valve replacement

Term
echocardiography
Definition

 

nNon-invasive ultra-cound test

 

 

nUsed to examine heart size, shape & motion of cardiac structure

 

 

nAlso determines chamber size & etiology of heart murmurs (valve structure/function)

 

 

nAlso evaluates ventricular motion

 

 

nUses high-frequency sound waves generated thru chcest wall by a hand-held transduceràtransducer picks up echos & converts them to electrical impulsesàtransmits them thru ECHO machineà for display on a oscilloscopeàrecoding unto videotape

 

 

nTypes of images:

 

nM-mode: one dimensional mode àprovides info re: cardiac structure & motion

 

n2-Dimensional/Cross-Sectional: creates spatially correct images of the heart

 

Term
cardiac chest xray
Definition

 

nUsed todetermine heart size, contour & position of heart

 

nAlso show physiologic alterations in pulmonary circulation

 

nIndicates positioning of  cardiac catheters, pacemakers, pulmonary art. Catheters

 

nFluoroscopy allows visualization of heart on x-ray

 

nShows cardiac & vascular pulsations & cardiac contours

 

nUsed for proper positioning of pacing electrodes & guiding catheter insertion during cardiac cath.

 

Term
cardiac ecg
Definition

 

nProvides for graphic recording of the electrical activity of heart

 

nHardwire

 

nTelemetry

 

nContinuous ECG  (Holter Monitor)

 

nCommonly used for outpatients

 

nSmall tape recorded carried & run for 10-24 hrs. during normal ADL

 

nIdentifies dysrhythmias or evidence of ischemia thru routine activities of day & night

 

Term
cardiac stress testing
Definition

 

nCoronary arteries normally dilate 4 times their normal diameter in response to increased metabolic demands for O2 & nutrients

 

nArtherosclerotic vessels are less able to dilateà impaired blood flowà ischemia

 

 

nCardiac Stress Testing:

 

nExercise Stress Test

 

nPatient walks on treadmill

 

nBruce Protocol: increase treadmill speedà until pt. achieve target heart rate or becomes symptomatic

 

nPharmacologic Stress Test

 

nDrugs including dipyridamole & adenosine are administered to mimic effects of exerciseà maximum dilatation of the coraonary vessels

 

nNo caffeine or caffeine related products 2-4 days prior to test(interfere with drug)

 

 

 

Term
dysrythmias
Definition

 

ndisorders of the formation or conduction (or both) of the electrical impulses in the heart

 

 

nThese disorders can cause disturbances of:

 

nRate

 

nRhythm

 

nBoth rate and rhythm

 

 

nPotentially can alter blood flow & cause hemodynamic changes

 

 

nDiagnosed by analysis of ECG waveform

 

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