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Carbs
Carbs
91
Nutrition
Undergraduate 3
10/28/2014

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Term
What is SGLT-1?
Definition
Sodium-dependent glucose transporter
Term
What kind of transporter is SGLT-1?
Definition
A secondary active transporter
Term
What molecule assists bringing glucose or galatose into the enterocyte from the lumen?
Definition
Na+
Term
What kind of gradient is used to bring glucose or galatose into the enterocyte?
Definition
Sodium potassium gradient
Term
What does GLUT5 bring into the enterocyte?
Definition
Fructose
Term
What is the name of the transporter that releases glucose, galatose and fructose from the enterocyte into the blood?
Definition
GLUT2
Term
All water-soluble nutrients 1st travel to the liver via what vein?
Definition
Portal vein
Term
Water soluble nutrients, leave the liver into blood circulation via what vein?
Definition
Hepatic vein
Term
In the liver, what is fructose and galatose converted into?
Definition
glucose
Term
When glucose enters the liver what 3 things can happen to this monosaccharide?
Definition
It can be oxidized for energy, it could be stored as glycogen, or it could be passed through the liver straight into circulation
Term
In the pancreas, where are the cluster of beta and alpha cells located?
Definition
In the Islet of Langerhans
Term
In the pancreas, what do the the beta cells produce?
Definition
Insulin
Term
In the pancreas, what do the alpha cells produce?
Definition
Glucagon
Term
In the pancreas, exocrine cells release what into the GI tract?
Definition
Enzymes and Bicarbonate
Term
In the pancreas, endocrine cell release what into the blood?
Definition
Hormones
Term
What hormones are secreted into the blood by the pancreas?
Definition
Insulin and glucagon
Term
What is insulin's job in the blood?
Definition
To promote glycogen synthesis builds glycogen
Term
What is glucagon's job in the blood?
Definition
To promote glycogen mobilization degrades glycogen to glucose
Term
For high blood pressure, what cells are stimulated to release insulin?
Definition
Beta cells
Term
For high blood pressure,what cells are inhibited in the pancreas?
Definition
alpha cells
Term
What do alpha cells secrete into the blood?
Definition
Glucagon
Term
What do beta cells secrete into the blood?
Definition
Insulin
Term
What is the name of the storage form of glucose in animal cells?
Definition
Glycogen
Term
Where is glycogen stored in the body? (2 places)
Definition
Mostly in the liver and the skeletal muscles
Term
What is the name of the enzyme that is stimulated when insulin levels are high and glucagon levels are low?
Definition
Glycogen Synthase (GS)
Term
What is the name of the enzyme that is stimulated when insulin levels are low and glucagon levels are high?
Definition
Glycogen Phosphorylase (GP)
Term
Glycogen synthesis helps to do what in the blood circulatory system?
Definition
lower blood glucose
Term
Glycogen mobilization helps to do what in the blood circulatory system?
Definition
maintain blood glucose at 90mg/dL
Term
In the liver only, what enzyme dephosphorylates glucose so it can leave the cell?
Definition
Glucose-6-phosphatase
Term
What is mobilized from the liver glycogen to be made available for the body to use?
Definition
glucose
Term
In skeletal muscle, glycogen mobilization is based on what?
Definition
The contraction of the skeletal muscle, does not have G-6-phosphatase like the liver
Term
Mobilized glucose from the muscle glycogen is made available only for the ____ to use
Definition
muscle
Term
What kind of glucose transporters are on all cells?
Definition
Facilitated glucose transporters
Term
Facilitated glucose transporters allow the passage of what through the cell membrane?
Definition
glucose
Term
There are multiple transporter isoforms on most cells, but they have different transport characteristics. What are the names of these 4 glucose transporters?
Definition
Glut1, Glut2, Glut3 and Glut4
Term
What is the name of the glucose transporter that most cells have?
Definition
Glut1
Term
What is the name of the glucose transporter in hepatocytes, transport at a high concentration?
Definition
Glut2
Term
What is the name of the glucose transporter in neurons, transport at a low concentration?
Definition
Glut3
Term
What is the name of the glucose transporter in adipocytes, skeletal muscle, and cardiac muscle and that is insulin-dependent?
Definition
Glut4
Term
This glucose transporter is located in the intracellular vesicles. The insulin stimulates the fusion of the vesicles with the cell membrane.If there is a rapid increase in glucose transporters, there is a rapid increase in glucose (muscle and adipocytes only). This process helps to lower elevated blood glucose. Which transporter is responsible for this?
Definition
Glut4
Term
What kind of state are you in when when you have high blood glucose after a meal?
Definition
Postprandial State
Term
In a postprandial state, what hormone is increased promoting glucose synthesis to a point, limiting how much glycogen can be made? Also, what molecule is decreased in the blood because of this?
Definition
Insulin is increased and glucose is decreased in the blood (increase in I/G ratio)
Term
When the body is in a postprandial state, this promotes glucose uptake into what 3 cells?
Definition
Adiopocytes, cardiac muscle cells, and skeletal muscle cells
Term
In high blood glucose, (postprandial state), what two places are stimulated for glycogen synthesis?
Definition
the liver and the skeletal muscle
Term
When blood glucose is low, and the body undergoes an overnight fast, what state is the body in?
Definition
It is in a post-absorptive state
Term
In a post-absorptive state, what hormone is decreased, allowing what molecule to increase in the blood?
Definition
decreased in the blood is insulin, and increased in the blood is glucose (decrease in I/G ratio)
Term
When the body is in a post-absorptive state, this promotes glycogen mobilization in what organ only?
Definition
In the liver because it is a giver, unlike the muscle who only hustles glycogen down for it's own use
Term
In a post-absorptive state, what transporter is localized to the intracellular vesicles, which decreases the glucose uptake to increase glucose mobilization to help maintain blood glucose?
Definition
Glut4
Term
All plant foods contain ___, but not all animal foods contain this.
Definition
fiber
Term
Nondigestible carbohydrates and lignin found naturally in plants
Definition
Dietary fiber
Term
What are the 3 classifications of fiber?
Definition
Dietary fiber, functional fiber, and total fiber
Term
This is a nondigestible carbohydrate extracted from plant food and added to the diet
Definition
Functional fiber
Term
Dietary fiber + Functional fiber =
Definition
Total fiber
Term
What are the 2 classifications of fiber based on water solubility?
Definition
Soluble fiber and insoluble fiber
Term
This type of fiber is cellulose, has some hemicellulose, and lignin. It does not dissolve in water, passes through the GI tract still intact. It hydrates and moves wastes through the intestines, preventing constipation.
Definition
Insoluble fiber
Term
This type of fiber is made up of mucilage, glucans, pectin, gums, psyllium, and resistant starch. Its attracts water and forms a gel. This slows digestion and delays gastric emptying leaving a feeling of fullness longer=weight control
Definition
Soluble fiber
Term
This type of fiber decreases the absorption of dietary cholesterol, decreases postprandial rise in blood glucose, and lowers LDL cholesterol (by preventing bile reabsorption, new bile is made from cholesterol)
Definition
Soluble fiber
Term
If you want to give advice to someone who wants to get more fiber in their diet, what would you recommend?
Definition
Eat a diet rich in fruit, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds
Term
A variety of ___ and ___ fibers provide all of the health benefits
Definition
insoluble and soluble fiber
Term
This type of sweetener is digestible, can be a monosaccharide, disaccharide, or a sugar alcohol. It is digested in the small intestine to 3 monosaccharides before absorption.
Definition
Nutritive sweetner
Term
Monosaccharides and disaccharides yield how much energy per gram?
Definition
4kcal/g
Term
_ _, _ _ and _ are not fully digested yielding only about 2kcal/g
Definition
chewing gum, sugar alcohol, and candies
Term
What are 2 examples of natural nutritive sweeteners?
Definition
Honey (which is a mix of glucose and fructose) and maple syrup
Term
This type of sweetener are saccharides that have been extracted from plants.
Definition
Refined nutritive sweeteners
Term
This is a refined nutritive sweetener that is composed of sugar cane and sugar beets
Definition
white sugar
Term
This is a refined nutritive sweetener that is a by-product of sugar refining
Definition
Molasses
Term
This is a refined nutritive sweetener that is a mix of white sugar and molasses
Definition
Brown sugar
Term
This refined nutritive sweetener is manufactured by taking enzymes using them to convert some glucose from corn syrup to fructose. Gives same sweetness as sucrose, but cheaper to produce?
Definition
High fructose corn syrup
Term
What are 3 sugar alcohol nutritive sweeteners ? Where do they occur?
Definition
Sorbitol, xylitol, and mannitol, they occur naturally in fruits and vegetables, also produced from other saccharides commercially
Term
Sugar alcohol nutritive sweeteners do not promote what and are used in gums and candies? They claim to be sugar free, but are not calorie free.
Definition
Tooth decay, Sorbitol, xylitol, and mannitol, are only partially digested.
Term
These type of sweeteners are many times (up to 13,000 x's) sweeter than nutritive sweeteners so the manufactures can use less. Some provide energy, but it is minimal. Common versions of this sweetener are saccharin, aspartame, and acesulfame K
Definition
Non-nutritive sweetners
Term
This type of sweetener has some health concerns at higher doses but FDA has accepted manufacturer's determination that most are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) and can be added to food
Definition
Non-nutritive sweetners
Term
What is the AMDR (Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range) of caloric intake for carbohydrates?
Definition
45-65%, on a 2000 kcal diet would be 225-325gm/day
Term
What is the RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowances) for carbohydrates on a 2000 kcal diet?
Definition
130gm/day (this is the amount needed by the brain)
Term
What is the DRV (Dietary Reference Values) for carbohydrates on a 2000 kcal diet?
Definition
60% of 2000 kcal =300gm
Term
What is the AI (Adequate Intake) of fiber for men? For women? Both between ages 19-50
Definition
38 gm/day for men, and 25 gm/day for women
Term
What is the DRV (Dietary Reference Values) for fiber in a 2000 kcal/day diet?
Definition
25gm (Outline says 14gm/1000 kcal= 25 gm)
Term
What are the 2010 dietary guidelines for Americans concerning carbohydrates? (3 of them)
Definition
1. Reduce the intake of added sugar, 2. increase the intake of whole grains, fruits and veggies, dry beans and peas, 3. half of all grains be whole grains
Term
When you are reading the NFP (nutrition facts panel) Total Carbohydrates-(Dietary Fiber + Sugars) = What?
Definition
Starch
Term
If the Total carbohydrates on the NFP are 12g, the dietary fiber is 2g and the sugars are 2g, how many grams of starch is that?
Definition
8 grams of starch
Term
What is the term used to classify food based on its potential to raise blood glucose?
Definition
Glycemic Index
Term
Comparing changes in blood glucose after eating a defined amount of a sample food relative to changes after a standard food such as glucose or white bread is known as what?
Definition
Glycemic Index
Term
In measuring glycemic index, a sharp rise and fall in blood glucose after a meal is known as what?
Definition
High glycemic Index
Term
In measuring glycemic index, a gradual rise and fall in blood glucose after a meal is known as what?
Definition
Low glycemic Index
Term
In the measurement of glycemic index, what does it NOT take account for in a serving of food?
Definition
Carbohydrates
Term
This measurement multiplies the GI (glycemic index) by the net carbohydrate (total carbs-fiber) in a given serving
Definition
Glycemic load (GL)
Term
GI (glycemic index)/100 * Net Carbs = ?
Definition
Glycemic Load (GL)
Term
In the assessment of glycemic load what is condsidered low?
Definition
if the GL # is under 10
Term
In the assessment of glycemic load, what is considered high?
Definition
If the GL # is over 20
Term
What are some limitations of the measurement of GL and GI? (3 of them)
Definition
We eat mixed foods that are often cooked, there is a wide variation in measurements from different labs, and each individual have differences in measures
Term
What 3 things can affect the rate at which glucose enters the blood?
Definition
Dietary fat, fiber, and how food is prepared
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