Term
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Definition
| Sodium-dependent glucose transporter |
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Term
| What kind of transporter is SGLT-1? |
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Definition
| A secondary active transporter |
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Term
| What molecule assists bringing glucose or galatose into the enterocyte from the lumen? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What kind of gradient is used to bring glucose or galatose into the enterocyte? |
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Definition
| Sodium potassium gradient |
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Term
| What does GLUT5 bring into the enterocyte? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the name of the transporter that releases glucose, galatose and fructose from the enterocyte into the blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| All water-soluble nutrients 1st travel to the liver via what vein? |
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Definition
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Term
| Water soluble nutrients, leave the liver into blood circulation via what vein? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the liver, what is fructose and galatose converted into? |
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Definition
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Term
| When glucose enters the liver what 3 things can happen to this monosaccharide? |
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Definition
| It can be oxidized for energy, it could be stored as glycogen, or it could be passed through the liver straight into circulation |
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Term
| In the pancreas, where are the cluster of beta and alpha cells located? |
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Definition
| In the Islet of Langerhans |
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Term
| In the pancreas, what do the the beta cells produce? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| In the pancreas, what do the alpha cells produce? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the pancreas, exocrine cells release what into the GI tract? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the pancreas, endocrine cell release what into the blood? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What hormones are secreted into the blood by the pancreas? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is insulin's job in the blood? |
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Definition
| To promote glycogen synthesis builds glycogen |
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Term
| What is glucagon's job in the blood? |
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Definition
| To promote glycogen mobilization degrades glycogen to glucose |
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Term
| For high blood pressure, what cells are stimulated to release insulin? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| For high blood pressure,what cells are inhibited in the pancreas? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What do alpha cells secrete into the blood? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What do beta cells secrete into the blood? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the name of the storage form of glucose in animal cells? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where is glycogen stored in the body? (2 places) |
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Definition
| Mostly in the liver and the skeletal muscles |
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|
Term
| What is the name of the enzyme that is stimulated when insulin levels are high and glucagon levels are low? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the name of the enzyme that is stimulated when insulin levels are low and glucagon levels are high? |
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Definition
| Glycogen Phosphorylase (GP) |
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Term
| Glycogen synthesis helps to do what in the blood circulatory system? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Glycogen mobilization helps to do what in the blood circulatory system? |
|
Definition
| maintain blood glucose at 90mg/dL |
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|
Term
| In the liver only, what enzyme dephosphorylates glucose so it can leave the cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is mobilized from the liver glycogen to be made available for the body to use? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| In skeletal muscle, glycogen mobilization is based on what? |
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Definition
| The contraction of the skeletal muscle, does not have G-6-phosphatase like the liver |
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Term
| Mobilized glucose from the muscle glycogen is made available only for the ____ to use |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of glucose transporters are on all cells? |
|
Definition
| Facilitated glucose transporters |
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Term
| Facilitated glucose transporters allow the passage of what through the cell membrane? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| There are multiple transporter isoforms on most cells, but they have different transport characteristics. What are the names of these 4 glucose transporters? |
|
Definition
| Glut1, Glut2, Glut3 and Glut4 |
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|
Term
| What is the name of the glucose transporter that most cells have? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the glucose transporter in hepatocytes, transport at a high concentration? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the name of the glucose transporter in neurons, transport at a low concentration? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name of the glucose transporter in adipocytes, skeletal muscle, and cardiac muscle and that is insulin-dependent? |
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Definition
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Term
| This glucose transporter is located in the intracellular vesicles. The insulin stimulates the fusion of the vesicles with the cell membrane.If there is a rapid increase in glucose transporters, there is a rapid increase in glucose (muscle and adipocytes only). This process helps to lower elevated blood glucose. Which transporter is responsible for this? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of state are you in when when you have high blood glucose after a meal? |
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Definition
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Term
| In a postprandial state, what hormone is increased promoting glucose synthesis to a point, limiting how much glycogen can be made? Also, what molecule is decreased in the blood because of this? |
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Definition
| Insulin is increased and glucose is decreased in the blood (increase in I/G ratio) |
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Term
| When the body is in a postprandial state, this promotes glucose uptake into what 3 cells? |
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Definition
| Adiopocytes, cardiac muscle cells, and skeletal muscle cells |
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Term
| In high blood glucose, (postprandial state), what two places are stimulated for glycogen synthesis? |
|
Definition
| the liver and the skeletal muscle |
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Term
| When blood glucose is low, and the body undergoes an overnight fast, what state is the body in? |
|
Definition
| It is in a post-absorptive state |
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Term
| In a post-absorptive state, what hormone is decreased, allowing what molecule to increase in the blood? |
|
Definition
| decreased in the blood is insulin, and increased in the blood is glucose (decrease in I/G ratio) |
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Term
| When the body is in a post-absorptive state, this promotes glycogen mobilization in what organ only? |
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Definition
| In the liver because it is a giver, unlike the muscle who only hustles glycogen down for it's own use |
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Term
| In a post-absorptive state, what transporter is localized to the intracellular vesicles, which decreases the glucose uptake to increase glucose mobilization to help maintain blood glucose? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| All plant foods contain ___, but not all animal foods contain this. |
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Definition
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Term
| Nondigestible carbohydrates and lignin found naturally in plants |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 classifications of fiber? |
|
Definition
| Dietary fiber, functional fiber, and total fiber |
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Term
| This is a nondigestible carbohydrate extracted from plant food and added to the diet |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Dietary fiber + Functional fiber = |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 classifications of fiber based on water solubility? |
|
Definition
| Soluble fiber and insoluble fiber |
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Term
| This type of fiber is cellulose, has some hemicellulose, and lignin. It does not dissolve in water, passes through the GI tract still intact. It hydrates and moves wastes through the intestines, preventing constipation. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| This type of fiber is made up of mucilage, glucans, pectin, gums, psyllium, and resistant starch. Its attracts water and forms a gel. This slows digestion and delays gastric emptying leaving a feeling of fullness longer=weight control |
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Definition
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|
Term
| This type of fiber decreases the absorption of dietary cholesterol, decreases postprandial rise in blood glucose, and lowers LDL cholesterol (by preventing bile reabsorption, new bile is made from cholesterol) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you want to give advice to someone who wants to get more fiber in their diet, what would you recommend? |
|
Definition
| Eat a diet rich in fruit, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds |
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Term
| A variety of ___ and ___ fibers provide all of the health benefits |
|
Definition
| insoluble and soluble fiber |
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Term
| This type of sweetener is digestible, can be a monosaccharide, disaccharide, or a sugar alcohol. It is digested in the small intestine to 3 monosaccharides before absorption. |
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Definition
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Term
| Monosaccharides and disaccharides yield how much energy per gram? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| _ _, _ _ and _ are not fully digested yielding only about 2kcal/g |
|
Definition
| chewing gum, sugar alcohol, and candies |
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Term
| What are 2 examples of natural nutritive sweeteners? |
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Definition
| Honey (which is a mix of glucose and fructose) and maple syrup |
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Term
| This type of sweetener are saccharides that have been extracted from plants. |
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Definition
| Refined nutritive sweeteners |
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Term
| This is a refined nutritive sweetener that is composed of sugar cane and sugar beets |
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Definition
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|
Term
| This is a refined nutritive sweetener that is a by-product of sugar refining |
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Definition
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|
Term
| This is a refined nutritive sweetener that is a mix of white sugar and molasses |
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Definition
|
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Term
| This refined nutritive sweetener is manufactured by taking enzymes using them to convert some glucose from corn syrup to fructose. Gives same sweetness as sucrose, but cheaper to produce? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 3 sugar alcohol nutritive sweeteners ? Where do they occur? |
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Definition
| Sorbitol, xylitol, and mannitol, they occur naturally in fruits and vegetables, also produced from other saccharides commercially |
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Term
| Sugar alcohol nutritive sweeteners do not promote what and are used in gums and candies? They claim to be sugar free, but are not calorie free. |
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Definition
| Tooth decay, Sorbitol, xylitol, and mannitol, are only partially digested. |
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Term
| These type of sweeteners are many times (up to 13,000 x's) sweeter than nutritive sweeteners so the manufactures can use less. Some provide energy, but it is minimal. Common versions of this sweetener are saccharin, aspartame, and acesulfame K |
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Definition
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|
Term
| This type of sweetener has some health concerns at higher doses but FDA has accepted manufacturer's determination that most are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) and can be added to food |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the AMDR (Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range) of caloric intake for carbohydrates? |
|
Definition
| 45-65%, on a 2000 kcal diet would be 225-325gm/day |
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|
Term
| What is the RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowances) for carbohydrates on a 2000 kcal diet? |
|
Definition
| 130gm/day (this is the amount needed by the brain) |
|
|
Term
| What is the DRV (Dietary Reference Values) for carbohydrates on a 2000 kcal diet? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the AI (Adequate Intake) of fiber for men? For women? Both between ages 19-50 |
|
Definition
| 38 gm/day for men, and 25 gm/day for women |
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|
Term
| What is the DRV (Dietary Reference Values) for fiber in a 2000 kcal/day diet? |
|
Definition
| 25gm (Outline says 14gm/1000 kcal= 25 gm) |
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Term
| What are the 2010 dietary guidelines for Americans concerning carbohydrates? (3 of them) |
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Definition
| 1. Reduce the intake of added sugar, 2. increase the intake of whole grains, fruits and veggies, dry beans and peas, 3. half of all grains be whole grains |
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Term
| When you are reading the NFP (nutrition facts panel) Total Carbohydrates-(Dietary Fiber + Sugars) = What? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| If the Total carbohydrates on the NFP are 12g, the dietary fiber is 2g and the sugars are 2g, how many grams of starch is that? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to classify food based on its potential to raise blood glucose? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Comparing changes in blood glucose after eating a defined amount of a sample food relative to changes after a standard food such as glucose or white bread is known as what? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| In measuring glycemic index, a sharp rise and fall in blood glucose after a meal is known as what? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| In measuring glycemic index, a gradual rise and fall in blood glucose after a meal is known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the measurement of glycemic index, what does it NOT take account for in a serving of food? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This measurement multiplies the GI (glycemic index) by the net carbohydrate (total carbs-fiber) in a given serving |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| GI (glycemic index)/100 * Net Carbs = ? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| In the assessment of glycemic load what is condsidered low? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the assessment of glycemic load, what is considered high? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some limitations of the measurement of GL and GI? (3 of them) |
|
Definition
| We eat mixed foods that are often cooked, there is a wide variation in measurements from different labs, and each individual have differences in measures |
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|
Term
| What 3 things can affect the rate at which glucose enters the blood? |
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Definition
| Dietary fat, fiber, and how food is prepared |
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