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Carbohydrates
Carb metab, Hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, glucose analysis, diabetes
30
Biochemistry
Undergraduate 4
10/19/2014

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Cards

Term
What are the fates of glucose in the body?
Definition
  1. Direct energy usage by cells (ATP)
  2. Glucose storage (Glycogen)
  3. Formation of keto-acids, amino acids or lipids 
Term
Glycogen is stored....
Definition
in the liver and skeletal muscles
Term
Glycogen formation is stimulated by
Definition
insulin
Term
glycogen breakdown is stimulated by
Definition
glucagon
Term
In response to hypoglycemia...the pancreas will respond by increasing ______ excretion from ______ cells
Definition
by increasing glucagon excretion from alpha cells
Term
Increases in glucagon will stimulate....
Definition

glycogenolysis

gluconeogenesis

Term
In response to hyperglycemia the pancreas will repond by increasing ______ excretion  from ______ cells
Definition
by increasing insulin excretion from beta cells
Term
Increases in insulin will stimulate....
Definition

Glucose uptake by cells 

Glycogenesis  (will occur with excess glucose)

Term
Which Glucose Transport Protein is Insulin dependent?
Definition
GLUT-4
Term
Which tissues are insulin independent?
Definition
Brain, RBC, & WBC
Term
Where is the origin of Epinephrine? What is its action/effect?
Definition

Origin: Adrenal Medulla

Action/Effect: 
1.Inhibits insulin secretion (stop glycogenesis)

2.Promotes Lipolysis (Use fat as glucose)

3.Stimulate Glycogenolysis

**serves as a backup to glucagon**

Term
Where is the origin of Cortisol? What is its effect?
Definition

Origin: Adrenal Cortex

Effect:

1.Increase blood glucose 

2. Promotes: Gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, & Lipolysis

3. Inhibits entry of gluose into the cells 

*Takes longer to kick in then epinephrine*

*Antagonist to insulin*

Term
Where is the origin of GH and ACTH? What are their effects?
Definition

Origin: Anterior Pituitary Gland

Effect: 1. Increase glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and lipolysis 

2. Inhibits entry of glucose into cell 

3. Inhibit formation of triglycerides from glucose

Term
What is the expected values for: FPG
Definition
70-99 mg/dL (8-10 hr overnight fast)
Term
What is the expected values for: Whole Blood
Definition

 10-12% lower than plasma

(FPG is 70-99 mg/dL)

Term
What is the expected values for: Random Plasma Glucose (non fasting)
Definition
70-125 mg/dL
Term
What is the expected values for: 2 hr post prandial
Definition
<140 mg/dL
Term
What is the expected values for Plasma glucose: Newborm
Definition
45-120 mg/dL
Term

 

What are the critical values for plasma glucose?

Definition
< 45 mg/dL or >450 mg/dL
Term
What are the levels for Hyperglycemia in fasting plasma and casual plasma glucose?
Definition

Fasting plasma glucose: >126 mg/dL

Casual plasma glucose: >200 mg/dL

Term
What are the immediate effects of hyperglycemia?
Definition
  1. Increased extracellular osmotic pressure 
  2. Acidosis (from lipolysis, fatty acid oxidation)
  3. Dehydration
Term
What are the long term effects of hyperglycemia?
Definition
Glycosylated hemoglobin
Term
What are the generalized causes of hyperglycemia?
Definition

Lack of insulin production 

Inadequate response

Impaired insulin action

Term
What are the symptoms of hyperglycemia?
Definition

Polyuria

Polydipsia

blurred vision 

weight loss

increased appetite

increased susceptibility to infections

Term
What is the most common type of Diabetes Mellitis?
Definition
Type 2
Term
What are the complications of Diabetes Mellitis?
Definition

Increased heart disease 

Artherosclerosis

Hyperlipidemia

Ketoacidosis

Term
What is the criteria for diagnosing diabetes?
Definition

1. Symptoms of diabetes + random plasma glucose > 200 mg/dL ...or....

2. Fasting plasma glucose of > 126 mg/dL ...or....

3. 2-hr postload glucose > 200 mg/dL during oral glucose test ...or....

4. Hb A1C > 6.5%

Term
What is diabetes type 1?
Definition

Insuline Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM)

--Often diagnosed in children or adolescences

--Autoimmune-mediated insulin deficiency (ab targeted Beta cells of pancreas)

Term

 

What are the lab findings of Diabetes Mellitus type 1

Definition

Hyperglycemia

Glucosuria

Decreased Insulin 

Increased Glucagon

Ketoacidosis

Decreased blood pH (acidosis)

Dec. Sodium Inc. Potassium Dec. CO2

(acidosis causes increased potassium!!)

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