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Carbohydrates
Kevin R. Siebenlist Fall 2013
36
Biochemistry
Undergraduate 3
09/28/2013

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Term
Carbohydrates
Definition
Carbon + Water

-most abundant biomolecules on Earth
-"saccharides"
-yield polyhydroxyl-aldehydes/ketones
Term
Monosaccharides ((-ose))

-Glyceraldehyde ((aldotriose))
-Dihydroxyacetone ((ketotriose))
Definition
Cn(H2O)n (n >/= 3)

-monomeric unit for Carbs.
-all polyhydroxyl aldehydes/ketones ((Aldose/Ketose))
+
-# of C's (Triose, Tetrose, Pentose, Hexose..)
Term
Disaccharides
Definition
two monomeric units

-COVALENTLY linked
Term
Oligosaccharides
Definition
Term
Polysaccharides
Definition
>/= 20 monosaccharides
Term
GlycoCONJUGATES
Definition
when oligo/polysaccharides are covalently linked to to peptides, proteins, or lipids

PEPTIDOGLYCANS: more sugar than peptide/protein by mass
GLYCOPROTEINS: more protein than sugar by mass
GLYCOLIPIDS: more lipid than sugar by mass
Term
Epimers
Definition
molecules with all EXCEPT 1 are identical carbons

Epimers:
D-Glucose + D-Mannose
D-Glucose + D-Galactose
D-xylulose + D-Ribulose
Term
Diastereomers
Definition
molecules with more than one chiral center
not being an Epimeric Relationship or an Enantiomeric Relationship
Term
Alcohol group + Aldehyde group
Definition
Hemiacetals

semi-stable cyclic
Term
Alcohol group + Ketones
Definition
Hemiketals
Term
Furanoses
Definition
five-membered rings

-resemble Furan Ring
Term
Pyranoses
Definition
six-membered rings

-resemble Pyran RIng
-most stable cyclic form of aldohexoses
Term
Mutarotation
Definition
rapid interconversion between linear form and cyclic form sugar

Only Reducing Sugars undergo due to available Anomeric Hydroxyl Group
Term
Anomers
Definition
different structures when last chiral carbon covalently bonds to Anomeric Carbon ((Carbonyl Carbon))

-i.e. a-D-Glucose + B-D-Glucose = Anomers
Term
Uronic Acids
Definition
Oxidation or terminal hydroxyl group to form Uronic Acid
Term
Sugar Alcohols
Definition
Reduction of the carbonyl group to form sugar alcohols

i.e. Glucitol, Mannitol, Xylitol, and Erythritol ((artificial sweeteners))
Term
Esterification
Definition
hydroxyl groups of all saccharides can be ESTERIFIED with organic acids, phosphate, and sulfate

on mono/di/polysaccharides
Term
Amino Sugar
Definition
Aldoses

catalyzed enzyme substitution in which one hydroxyl group is replaced by an amino group
Term
a-D-glucose
Definition
Anomeric Hydroxyl group on opposite side of terminal carbon

-terminal carbons usually point up in D-sugars
Term
B-D-glucose
Definition
Anom. Hydroxyl on same plane as terminal carbon
Term
Carbohydrates: Chemical Properties
1) Forming Aldonic Acids (Reducing Sugars)
Definition
Oxidation of aldehyde --> Carboxylic Acid

-Tollen's Reagent
-Benedict's Reagent
reagents used in lab to test for sugars in bodily fluid
Term
Carbohydrates: Chemical Properties
2) Forming Uronic Acids
Definition
((especially hexoses)) enzymatically oxidizing the last carbon of monosaccharides
Term
Carbohydrates: Chemical Properties
3) Forming Sugar Alcohols
Definition
Reducing the CARBONYL group on sugars to hydroxyl groups

i.e. ((artificial sweeteners)) Glucitol, Mannitol, Xylitol, and Erythritol
Term
Carbohydrates: Chemical Properties
4) Esterifying functional groups
Definition
Esterifying HYDROXYL groups with functional groups: organic acids, phosphate, or sulfate

of mono/di/poly-saccharides
Term
Carbohydrates: Chemical Properties
5) Forming Deoxysugars
Definition
enzymatically/chemically reducing MONOSACCHARIDE HYDROXYL groups

-2-Deoxyribose = important deoxysugar in deoxyribonucleotides
Term
Carbohydrates: Chemical Properties
6) Forming Amino Sugars
Definition
Aldoses undergoing enzyme catalyzed substitution
-OH ---> ((subs.)) ---> -NH3

-NH3 replace OH on C2 of glucose, galactose, or mannose
Term
Amadori Product
Definition
Amino groups (non-enzymatically rxt) with aldehyde group of MONOSACCHARIDES. ((slowly))

Rate: temp. and monosaccharde conc. dependent

formation of Glycation Adducts- now undergo add. chem. rxns. forming protein bound compounds ADVANCED GLYCATION END product ((AGE))
-correlation to disruption of long-lived proteins ((collagen or elastin))
Term
Glycosidic Bonds
Definition
covalent bonds involving ANOMERIC -OH group and -OH of another sugar

Hemiacetal ---> Acetal
Hemiketal ---> Ketal
Term
Maltose
Definition
Glucose (a1-4) Glucose
partial hydrolysis of polysaccharides
"malted" = broken down to maltose

A.OH ---C4 OH
((a+a))
Reducing Sugar
Term
Lactose
Definition
Galactose (B1-4) Glucose
sugar present in mammalian milk

A.OH ---C4 OH
((B+B))
Reducing Sugar
Term
Sucrose
Definition
Glucose (a1-B2) Fructose
sugar purified from sugar cane

(a) A. OH --- (B) A. OH
NOT a reducing sugar
Term
Trehalose
Definition
sugar circulates hemolymph of arthropods (insects + crustaceans)

Glucose (a1-a1) Glucose
Not a Reducing Sugar
Term
Homopolymers
Definition
polysaccharides composed of a single type of monosaccharide

i.e. Glucans, Mannans, and Levans ((fructose homopolymer))
Term
Heteropolymers
Definition
polysaccharide composed of a variety / modified monosaccharides
Term
Cellulose
Definition
Glucose - (B1-4) - Glucose

Cellulase Enzyme necessary to hydrolyze
Term
Starch
Definition
storage unit of glucose in plant cells

-hydrolyzed for energy and/or Carbon Precursor
-2 Polymers: Amylose + Amylopectin

Amylose: LINEAR (a1-4) glycosidic bonds
Amylopectin: BRANCHED (a1-4) glycosidic bonds

every 24-30 residues, branch occurs (a1-6) glycosidic bond
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