Term
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Definition
| most abundant on earth; structural element of plant--cellulose |
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Term
| 3 major groups base on their basic structure |
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Definition
simple sugars
complex carbohydrates
glycoconjugates |
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Term
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Definition
mono/disaccharides and polysaccharides
structural roles; storage form of glucose
sweet; used as additives to enhance flavors of processed food |
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Term
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Definition
| carbohydrate units; glucose covalently bonded to protein=glycoproteins; glycolipids |
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Term
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Definition
| most plentiful on monosaccharide in nature; polyhydroxy aldehyde (C=O inside the chain) |
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Term
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Definition
| same molecular structure as glucose, but is a polyhydroxyl ketose (C=O is the first C in the chain) |
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Term
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Definition
| chiral compounds that lack a plane of symmetry and exist as two typical isomers--either L or D form |
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Term
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Definition
aldoses and ketoses
colorless, crytalize, soluble in H2O, insoluble in nonpolar solvents
two asymmetric centers
cyclic structures
3-D structure is important in determining the biological function and properties
linked by a condensation reaction, resulting in the elimination of h2o |
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Term
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Definition
| isomeric forms thta differ only in their configuration about the hemiketal or hemiacetal carbon atom... alpha or beta anomers |
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Term
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Definition
| sugars that differ only in the configuration around one carbon atom |
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Term
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Definition
| two chiral centers (C1 and C6) |
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Term
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Definition
| three chiral centers (C1, C2, and C6) |
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Term
| Monosaccharides as reducing agents |
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Definition
| by measuring the amount of oxidizing agent reduces by a solution of a sugar, it is also possible to estimate the concentration of that sugar |
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Term
| Functions of Carbohydrates |
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Definition
metabolic break down of monosaccharides provide most energy used to power bioological system processes
structural materials
cell walls; connective tissues
signaling; cell-to-cell interactions
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Term
| Effect of sugar phosphorylation in the cells |
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Definition
to trap the sugar inside the cell; most cells do not have plasma membrane transporters for phosphorylated sugars
phosphorylation activates sugars for subsequent chemical transformation |
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Term
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Definition
too low glucose =death, permanent brain damage
animals evolve hormonal mechanisms to ensure the concentration of glucose in the blood remains high enough
average glucose concentration can be assessed by looking at it's effect on hemoglobin; hemoglobin is constantly exposed to glucose at whatever concentration is present in the blood.
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Term
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Definition
contains glycosidic bonds
o-glycosidic bond formed when a hydroxyl group of one sugar reacts with the anomeric carbon of the other.
glycosidic bonds are readily hydrolyed by acid, but resist cleavage by bases |
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Term
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Definition
give the configuration (alpha or beta) at anomeric carbon joining 1st mono units on left to the 2nd
name non-reducing residue; insert "furano" or "pyrano"
indicate in ( ) the 2-carbon atoms joined by glycosidic bond; with an arrow connecting the 2 numbers. |
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Term
| Difference in Carbohydrates |
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Definition
linkage
enzyme is not present to break down glucose/sugars
Sugars are lubricants for joints |
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Term
| Functions of Carbohydrates (2) |
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Definition
| energy-fuel (quick energy); starch; glycogen; glucose; fructose; sucrose |
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Term
| Structural Properties of Carbohydrates |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
simple building blocks (Mono)
ketones or aldehydes (ketose/aldose)
multiple OH groups |
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Term
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Definition
OH and H determine D and L
OH on right=D
OH on left=L
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Term
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Definition
non-mirror image
most oxidized carbon up; rest of the chain down; OH/H on sides
smallest carbohydrates
aldehyde most oxidized = up
chiral center |
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Term
| Relationship between glucose and other sugars |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
doesn't start at with chiral center b/c ketone is in the middle
less branched |
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Term
| Representation of Structures |
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Definition
in our bodies, structures don't exist linearly, but in rings
our taste buds recognize linear structures but body cannot absorb them |
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Term
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Definition
non-planar
2 chair conformation
3-D conformations can determine function and biological properties of polysaccharides |
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Term
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Definition
UP (alpha) LEFT (UP)
DOWN (beta) Right (down) |
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Term
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Definition
| disaccharides aris through the formation of o-oligolycosidic bonds; condensation of anomeric carbon hydroxyl group with an alcohol |
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Term
| Cyclic structure of glucose |
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Definition
in aqueous solution:
>4 carbon backbone mono (ring)
carbonyl (aldehyde or ketone) O of hydroxyl of most last carbon
aldehyde + alcohol=hemiacetal
ketone + alcohol = hemiketal |
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Term
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Definition
| Vary in: monomeric composition, type of glycosidic bond connecting the monosaccharide units, chain length and degree of branching, biological function, do not have definite molecular weight |
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Term
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Definition
| made from only one sugar type, heavily hydrated (many -OH), readily dissolve; storage-starch (in plants); glycogen (in animals); structural: cellulose (plant cell-wall); chitin (animla exoskeleton) |
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Term
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Definition
| made from more than one sugar type; extracellular support; peptidoglycan (bacteria cell envelop); extracellular matrix in animal tissues |
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Term
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Definition
extensively branched and compact thn starch. Why? degrading enzymes work on the non-reducing ends; more branched b/c more non-reducing ends; faster degradation
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Term
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Definition
| exoskeleton of anthropods; linear, unbranched homopolymer |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- storage(basic building block is glucose)
- starch-branched at every24-30 D-glucose
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Term
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Definition
animals (d-glucose) 10,000 or more
alpha(1-4) linkage w/ alpha (1-6) branches
more branches
more movement
quick energy
found in liver and muscles: liver functions to maintain blood sugar levels; muscles uses glycogen |
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Term
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Definition
24 hours of sugar storage
shortage of storage of glycogen
no control over fat; but over glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| Cellulose--accounts for about 1/2 the biosphere; makes up all the plant material.... cell wall, 90% cotton, 50% wood |
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Term
| Cellulose Structure cont'd |
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Definition
| linear polymer= beta (1-4) linkage (diff. btwn starch is the linkage); no branches in cellulose just linear; enzyme is cellulase--humans don't have this enzyme; can't use cellulose |
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Term
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Definition
body can break it down or fiber
soluble/insoluble fiber: need both
more fiber= more cholesterol |
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Term
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Definition
exoskeleton of insects, lobster, etc.
modified beta (1-4) linkage |
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Term
| Carbohydrates (other functions) |
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Definition
glycoprotein: sugar attached to proteins
side chains (serine) b/c of OH
not anomeric; carbon amino acids break up sugars |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
found in joints; shock absorbers
(fig. 7.9 in text) |
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Term
| Relative sweetness factor |
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Definition
bar set by table sugar = 100%
dextrose (glucose) = 70%
maltose = 40%
galactose = 15%
fructose = 170%
lactose = 15%
honey is 40% fructose and remainder is glucose |
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Term
| High fructose corn syrup (HFCS) |
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Definition
corn; starch
ratio= 50:50 -fructose:sucrose
doesn't diff. much biochemically; can go unregulated in liver and create fat in liver; fruit juices in alcohol creates fat in the body
quite the same as sucrose, but there's a lot available since it's cheap, it can be easily accessed
heat changes aldose to ketose |
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