Where are carbohydrates stored?

In what form?

When?

Liver during high glucose levels.

Muscle for contraction.

Glucose

What is an enantiomer?

What form of enantiomer of sugars are predominant in humans? Amino Acids?

What is an isomer?

What can exist as isomers?

Mirror images of each other.

D-forms of sugars.L-form of amino acids.

Compounds that have same chemical formula but diff structural formula

Monosacchrides

1.The monomeric form of carbohydrates are_?

2. Two monomeric units

3. Few monomeric units

4.Many monomeric units.

1.Monosacchride

2. Disacchride

3.Oligosacchrides

4.Polysacchrides

2 functional groups of Monosacchrides

1.

2.

1. Aldoses with aldehyde on Carbon 1

2. Ketoses with keto group on Carbon 2

Classification of Monosacchride based on #Cs

3.

4.

5.

6.

3.Trioses

4.Tetroses

5. Pentoses

6.Hexoses

Carbs with a free aldehyde or keto group can react with ___1___ and convert them to ___2___ acting as ___3___.

____4___ react faster. 

Detection of sugars in urine is based on the ____5____ of sugars.

1. Cupric ions (Copper II)

2.Cuprous Ions (Copper I)

3. Reducing Sugars (gain electrons/lose H+)

4. Aldehydes

5. Reducing Properties

1. T/F Sugars are normally found in urine?

2. ____ is test to check urine for presence of _____ of monosacchrides.

3. Continuos increased glucose level in blood

1.False

2. Benedict's Test  /   reducing properties of aldehyde or keto group in the monosacchride

3. Hyperglysemia

__1__- characterized by high blood glucose levels. Glucose found in urine when the blood glucose is greater than 175mg%.

__2__- inherited disorders of fructose metabolism. Fructose is present in urine

__3__ - inherited disorder of galactose metabolism. Galactose is found in urine

1. Diabetes Mellitus

2. Fructosuria/Hereditary Fructose Intolerance

3. Galactosemia

#Carbons              Aldose                     Ketose

3.

4.

5.

6. 

#Carbons              Aldose                     Ketose

3              Glyceraldehyde       Dihydroxyacetone

4               Erythrose                                      

 5               Ribose                       Ribulose                 Xylose                        Xylulose 

6              GLU/gal/Mannose          FRUCTOSE 

Monnosacchrides with 5 or more C atoms are predominately present in the ____1___.

As a result, two anomeric forms can exist (alpha and beta). The two forms are interconvertible and this process is know as ___2___.

___3___ form of Glucose is predominant in solution.

1. Cyclic Form

2. Mutarotation

3. Beta (Hydroxy above ring)

Carbohydrate isomers that differ in conformation around 1 Carbon are known as ___1____.

Two Examples: 2. and 3.

4. enzymes that interconvert epimers

1. Epimers

2.Glucose and Galactose are C-4 epimers

Glucose and Mannose are C-2 epimers

4. Epimerases (galactose metabolism)

1. Sugar alcohol formed from glucose?

2. Partially responsible for some of chronic complications of ____?

Sugar alcohol formed from galactose?

1. SORBITOL. Formed in nerve tissues, eyes,, and prolonged hyperglycemia.

2. Diabetes Mellitus. Contains many OH groups and pulls water in cell with it. Lens,Nerve,Kidney

3. Galactitol. Formed in lens of eye of young children

Dissachrides? 1, 2, 3

Types of monosacchrides

Reducing/Non-reducing

Bond type

1. Lactose - glu + gal w/ b1-4 (reducing)

2.Sucrose- glu + fru with a1-2 (non-reducing)

3.Maltose - (formed from dietary starch [amylase])

glu + glu in a1-4 (reducing)

Polysacchrides:

1.Similar monosacchride units?

2. Different monosacchride units?

1. Homopolysacchrides 

Cellulose, Starch, Glycogen

2. Heteropolysacchrides

Glycoaminoglycans (Heparin, Hyaluronic Acid)

___1___ - storage of polysacchride in humans.

 2. Where is it present?

3. How are bond arranged

1. Glycogen (polysacchride of glucose)

2. Liver (hyperglycemia) and muscle (contraction)

3. a1-4 on linear glucose strands

    a1-6 on branched strands

(branch every 8-10 [Highly Branched])

1. Dietary polysacchride?

2.Two components?

3. What digests it?

1. Starch

2. Amylose (linear unbranched polymer of glucose) (a1-4)

Amylopectin (branched polymer) (a1-6)

3. Salivary and pancreatic amylase

Glycosaminoglycans

1. 2.Made up of what?

4. two examples

Repeating disacchride units:

1. Sugar (glucuronic acid)

2. Amino Sugar (glucosamine or galactomine)

4. Hyaluronic acid / Heparine

1. The majority of the digestible fiber is what?

2. Two examples?

Cellulose is composed of what bonds?

1. Undigestible Carbohydrate

2. Cellulose and Pectin

3. B1-4 bonds. No enzyme for breakdown in gut