Term
| Are carbohydrates the only macronutrient to be oxidized both Anaerobically and Aerobically?(Yes or No) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In addition to fueling skeletal muscle, carbs also serve as fuel for __ and __. |
|
Definition
| CNS(brain and spinal cord) and red blood cells. |
|
|
Term
| What happens if one doesn't ingest any carbohydrates? |
|
Definition
| The body will turn fats and protein into glucose by a process called gluconeogenesis. |
|
|
Term
| Which three sugars make up Monosaccharides? |
|
Definition
| Glucose, Fructose, and Galatose |
|
|
Term
| Which three sugars make up disaccharides? |
|
Definition
| Sucrose, lactose, and maltose |
|
|
Term
| What's another name for glucose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fruit Sugar. The small intestine absorbs fructose directly into the blood and the liver slowly converts it to glucose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Converted to glucose in the liver and is either stored as liver glycogen or released into the blood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most common disaccharide, consist of glucose and fructose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Found in milk. Comprised of glucose and galatose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contains two glucose molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carbohydrates composed of short chains of 3 to 9 linked sugars. Found in many vegetables |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contain 10 to 1000s of monosaccharides. Starch and fiber represent two forms of plant polysaccharides |
|
|
Term
| What are the two forms of Starch? |
|
Definition
Amylopectin(rapidly digested)
and amylose(slowly digested) |
|
|
Term
True or false.
Glucose is the final common pathway for transport of almost all carbohydrates to the tissue cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein carrier molecule that transports glucose into the sarcoplasm |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates the migration of GLUT-4? |
|
Definition
| Insulin and physical activity |
|
|
Term
| What are the normal levels of blood glucose ranging from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens if blood glucose levels are elevated? |
|
Definition
| Pancreas will secrete insulin to reduce blood glucose levels |
|
|
Term
| What happens if blood glucose levels are low? |
|
Definition
| Liver glycogen is broken down and gluconeogenesis increases blood glucose levels. |
|
|
Term
| The phosphorylation of glucose is almost entirely irreversible except in the __ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Storage form of carbohydrates in the liver and skeletal muscles. |
|
|
Term
| How many grams of water does a gram of glycogen store? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many kilo calories does a typical male store? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the four steps of glycogen synthesis |
|
Definition
1)glucose to glucose-6-phosphate via hexokinase
2)glucose-6-phosphate to glucose 1-phosphate via phoshoglucomutase
3)Glucose 1-phosphate to UDP glucose via UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase. UDP then breaks off
4)Glucose to glycogen via glycogen synthase |
|
|
Term
| Name the three step process of glycogen breakdown |
|
Definition
1) Glycogen to glucose 1-phosphate via glycogen phosphorylase
2) Glucose 1-phosphate to glucose-6 phosphate via phosphoglucomutuase
3)Glucose-6-phosphate goes to glycolysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Breakdown of glucose to form pyruvate |
|
|
Term
| After an overnight fast, to what extent are glycogen levels depleted, if at all? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Continued release of anaerobic energy in glycolysis depends on NAD+ availability. What happens if NAD+ is depleted? |
|
Definition
| glycolysis will shut down |
|
|
Term
| What happens if NADH gets "backed up"? |
|
Definition
| This happens when exercise intensity is too high for too long. |
|
|
Term
| What is the enzyme that catalyzes Pyruvate with lactate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to lactate that is produced during high intensity exercise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lactate usage in the body:
70-80% ___
20-30% ___ |
|
Definition
70-80% is oxidized and used as energy
20-30% is taken to the liver and converted into glucose(cori cycle) |
|
|
Term
| Physiologic values of lactate range from __1mmol/L at rest to over __mmol/L following maximal-intensity exercise lasting at least 30 seconds. |
|
Definition
| 1 mmol/L at rest and over 20 mmol/L |
|
|
Term
(True or False)
The best method to determine peak lactate levels is with a blood sample right after exercise. |
|
Definition
False
The best method is to take serial measurements spaced maximally two minutes apart for about 10 minutes or until lactate concentrations decline. |
|
|
Term
| Carbohydrates oxidized during exercise can originate from which 5 potential sources? |
|
Definition
1)muscle glycogen
2) liver glycogen
3) blood glucose'
4) carbs ingested during exercise( Gatorade)
5) gluconegenic sources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carbohydrates and fats are oxidized as a mixture, and whether carbohydrates or fat is predominant fuel depends on several factors, the most important being exercise intensity and duration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Breakdown of glucose from glycogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A major drop in blood glucose only occurs under what circumstances? |
|
Definition
| When exercise is prolonged for several hours. |
|
|
Term
| What explains a rise in blood glucose during high intensity exercise(assuming no ingestion of carbohydrate)? |
|
Definition
| Hepatic glucose output exceeds the skeletal muscle glucose uptake. |
|
|
Term
| General recommendations for athletes in regards to daily carbohydrates intakes are: |
|
Definition
| 6 to 10 grams of carbohydrates per kilogram body weight per day (grams/kg/day) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Low carb days followed by several days of high carbs prior to a event. It doesn't improve exercise performance in endurance athletes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Classical Loading: 3 days of low carbs followed by 3 high carb days(90% of calories)
Modified Carb Loading: 3 days moderate carbs(50% total calories) then 3 days of high carbs (70% total calories).
1-Day loading: High carb day (10 grams/kg/day) followed with a day of rest. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| During the beginning of exercise, when insulin and blood glucose levels both decrease, with blood glucose levels decreasing to levels below baseline and reaching hypoglycemic levels. |
|
|
Term
| Does pre and during exercise galactose improve endurance performance? (yes or no) |
|
Definition
| No. There's scientific research that proves it. |
|
|
Term
__>__>__
Glucose, galactose/fructose, placebo |
|
Definition
| glucose> galactose/fructose> placebo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transporter that takes glucose from inside the intestines and delivers it to the blood vessels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fructose is better for resynthesizing liver glycogen or muscle glycogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
