Term
| What the cellular energy currency |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Atp is produced by _______ glucose |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of cellular work that require energy? |
|
Definition
| biosynthesis, active transport, motility |
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Term
| What are some examples of biosynthesis |
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Definition
| synthesis of amino acids, nucleotides and lipids |
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Term
| How many kcal does a mole of glucose produce? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| How does ATP capture energy? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how do the anhydride bonds provide energy? |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar, phosphoryl groups |
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Term
| What type of bond joins the first phosphoryl group to the 5-carbon sugar ribose? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of bond joins the second and third groups? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does polysaccharide degradation begin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What polysaccharide degradation begins in the mouth? |
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Definition
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Term
| What begins degrading starch in the mouth? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHere does polysaccharide degradation continue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What breaks down polysacchardies in the small intestine? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does protein digestion begin? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How does protein digestion begin? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Where does protein digestion continue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What continues digesting the proteins in the small intestine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are fats broken into during digestion? |
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Definition
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Term
| THe breakdown of dietary macromolecules into small subunits are what reaction? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does fat digestion begin? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| WIth what does fat digestion begin? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does amylase come from? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The stomach secretes what which denatures proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| The stomach secrete what which digests proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the liver/gallbader deliver to disperse fats? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What subunits enter cells via active transport? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What subunits move via passive transport? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is stage 1 of metabolism? |
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Definition
| hydrolysis of dietary macromolecules into small subunits |
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|
Term
| What is stage 2 of metabolism? |
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Definition
| conversion of monomers into a form that can be completely oxidized |
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Term
| What is the major process in Stage 2? |
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Definition
| assimilate the small subunits into the pathways for energy metabolism |
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Term
| What are the major pathways of energy metabolism? |
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Definition
| glycolysis, citric acid cycle |
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Term
| What monomers enter glycolysis? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How do sugars enter glycolysis? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to sugars during glycolysis? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What happens to Acetyl CoA |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How are proteins accepted into the citric acid cycle? |
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Definition
| carbon skeletons of amino acids |
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Term
| How are fatty acids accepted into the citric acid cycle? |
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Definition
| conversion into acetyl CoA |
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Term
| What is harvested as a result of acetyl coA entering the citric acid cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| 2-carbon remnants of nutrients |
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Term
| What reactions occur in stage 3? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The acetyl group is oxidized to produce what? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the harvested electron and hydrogen atoms used for? |
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Definition
| produce ATP during oxidative phosphorylation |
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Term
| What is another name for glycolysis |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pathway for carbohydrate catabolism? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does glycolysis begin with? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does glycolysis occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many steps are in glycolysis? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the products of glycolysis |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How is ATP formed during glycolysis? |
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Definition
| phosphoryl group is transferred to ADP from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate and phosphoenolpyruvate |
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Term
|
Definition
| hydride anions with two electrons |
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Term
| The anaerobic oxidation of glucose gives what? |
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Definition
| two molecules of pyruvate |
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Term
| Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 2 NAD+ = |
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Definition
| 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 H2O |
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|
Term
| What happens to the pyruvate produced by glycolysis |
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Definition
| used in follow-up reactions to sustain glycolysis |
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|
Term
| What happens to the NADH produced by glycolysis? |
|
Definition
| reoxidized so that glycolysis can continue |
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Term
|
Definition
| Glucose is phosphorylated by hexokinase |
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Term
| What is the substrate of reaction 1 |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the product for reaction 1? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the source of the phosphoryl group of glucose-6-phosphate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate |
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|
Term
| What is the substrate of reaction 2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the product of reaction 2? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the enzyme in step 1? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the enzyme in step 2? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| THe fructose-6-phosphate is a _____ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fructose-6-phosphate is phosphorylated |
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|
Term
| What is the substrate of reaction 3? |
|
Definition
| fructose-6-phosphate, ATP |
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|
Term
| What is the enzyme of reaction 3? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the product of reaction 3? |
|
Definition
| fructose-1,6-bisphosphate |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is split |
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|
Term
| What are the substrates for reaction 4? |
|
Definition
| fructose-1,6-bisphosphate |
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|
Term
| What is the enzyme for reaction 4? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the products of reaction 4? |
|
Definition
| D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| conversoin of dihydroxyacetone phosphate |
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|
Term
| What is the substrate of reaction 5? |
|
Definition
| dihydroxyacetone phosphate |
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|
Term
| What is the enzyme of reaction 5? |
|
Definition
| triose phosphate isomerase |
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|
Term
| What is the product of reaction 5? |
|
Definition
| glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate |
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Term
|
Definition
| Oxidizing glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to a carboxylic acid |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, NAD+ |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase |
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|
Term
| What is the product of reaction 6? |
|
Definition
| glycerate-1,3-bisphosphoglycerate |
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|
Term
| Glycolysis Reaction 6: What happens to the NAD+? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycolysis Reaction: Which steps occur twice? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| harvest energy in the form of ATP |
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|
Term
| What is the substrate for reaction 7? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the enzyme for reaction 7? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the product for reaction 7? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the ATP formed in reaction 7? |
|
Definition
| 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate high energy phosphate group is transferred to ADP |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Isomerization of 3-phosphoglycerate |
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|
Term
| What is the substrate for reaction 8? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the product of reaction 8? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the enzyme for reaction 8? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs during reaction 8? |
|
Definition
| phosphate group is moved from carbon-3 to carbon-2 |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate |
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|
Term
| What is the substrate for reaction 9 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the enzyme for reaction 9? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the product for reaction 9? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dehydration of phosphoenolpyruvate |
|
|
Term
| What is the substrate of reaction 10? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the enzyme for reaction 10? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the product for reaction 10? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the ATP formed in reaction 10? |
|
Definition
| phosphoryl group transferred to ADP from phosphoenolpyruvate |
|
|
Term
| What are teh two major fermentation pathways? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is lactate fermentation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the substrate for lactate fermentation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the enzyme for lactate fermentation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the product of lactate fermentation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the other product of lactate fermentation? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Alcohol Fermentation: Step 1 |
|
Definition
| pyruvate decarboxylase removes CO2 from the pyruvate |
|
|
Term
| What is the product of alcohol fermentation: step 1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the product of alcohol fermentation: step 1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alcohol Fermentation: Step 2 |
|
Definition
| alcohol dehydrogenase catalyzes reduction of acetaldehyde |
|
|
Term
| WHat are the products of alcohol fermentation step 2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHat are the products of alcohol fermentation step 2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| making glucose from noncarbohydrate starting materials |
|
|
Term
| Where does gluconeogenesis occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What amino acids aren't used in gluconeogenesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the starting materials for gluconeogenesis? |
|
Definition
| lactate, glycerol, most amino acids |
|
|
Term
| WHat is the first nonreversible step of gluconeogenesis? |
|
Definition
| conversion of pyruvate > phosphoenolpyruvate |
|
|
Term
| What is the second nonreversible step of gluconeogenesis? |
|
Definition
| fructose-1,6-bisphosphate > fructose-6-phosphate |
|
|
Term
| What is the 3rd nonreversible step of gluconeogensis? |
|
Definition
| glucose-6-phosphate > glucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conversion of lactate to pyruvate |
|
|
Term
| What is the 1st step of the cori cycle? |
|
Definition
| lactate from skeletal muscles is transferred to the liver |
|
|
Term
| What is the second step of the cori cycle? |
|
Definition
| lactate is converted to pyruvate |
|
|
Term
| What is the 3rd step of the cori cycle? |
|
Definition
| pyruvate is converted to glucose |
|
|
Term
| What is the 4th step of the cori cycle? |
|
Definition
| glucose can be returned to muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diet, glycogenolysis, gluconeogensis |
|
|
Term
| Where are the branches in glycogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does glycogen exist as granules? |
|
Definition
| cytoplasm of liver, muscle cells |
|
|
Term
| What is glycogen degradation controlled by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is glucagon secreted from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does glucagon respond to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does epinephrine respond to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHere is epinephrine secreted from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is step 1 of glycogenolysis? |
|
Definition
| hydrolysis of a glucose molecule from glycogen |
|
|
Term
| What is the enzyme of step 1 of glycogenolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the substrate of step 1 of glycogenolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the product of glycogenolysis step 1? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is step 2 of glycogenolysis? |
|
Definition
| Removal of last glucose at alpha(1>6) branch as glucose |
|
|
Term
| What is the enzyme involved in step 2 of glycogenolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHat is step 3 of glycogenolysis? |
|
Definition
| convertion of glucose-1-phosphate into glucose-6-phosphate |
|
|
Term
| What is the substrate of step 3 of glycogenolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the enzyme of step 3 of glycogenolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the product of step 3 of glycogenolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why must there be a step 1 and 2 in glycogenolysis? |
|
Definition
| Glycogen phosphorylase can only break down (1>4) bonds, not (1>6) bonds |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates the synthesis of glycogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is step 1 of glycogenesis? |
|
Definition
| glucose + ATP > glucose-6-P + ADP + H+ |
|
|
Term
| What is the enzyme involved in step 1 of glycogenesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of enzyme is glucokinase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of enzyme is phosphoglucomutase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is step 2 of glycogenesis? |
|
Definition
| glucose-6-P > glucose-1-P |
|
|
Term
| WHat is the enzyme involved in step 2 of glycogenesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is step 4 of glycogenesis? |
|
Definition
| glucose must be activated to add to the growing glycogen chain |
|
|
Term
| What is step 5 of glycogenesis? |
|
Definition
| glucose-1-P + UTP > UDP-glucose + PPi |
|
|
Term
| What is step 6 of glycogenesis? |
|
Definition
| UDP-glucose adds to the growing glycogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Uracil (Di/Tri) Phosphate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responding to high blood sugar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reacts to low blood sugar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elevates glucokinase, activates glycogen synthetase, inhibits glycogen phosphorylase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates glycogen phosphorylase, inhibits glycogen synthetase |
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|
