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Carbohydrate Flashcards
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12
Biology
10th Grade
02/27/2009

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Term
monosaccharide
Definition
a carbohydrate that does not hydrolyze, as glucose, fructose, or ribose, occurring naturally or obtained by the hydrolysis of glycosides or polysaccharides.
Term
disaccharide
Definition
any of a group of carbohydrates, as sucrose or lactose, that yield monosaccharides on hydrolysis.
Term
polysaccharide
Definition
a carbohydrate, as starch, inulin, or cellulose, containing more than three monosaccharide units per molecule, the units being attached to each other in the manner of acetals, and therefore capable of hydrolysis by acids or enzymes to monosaccharides.
Term
glycosidic linkage
Definition
Term
condensation reaction
Definition
is a chemical reaction in which two molecules or moieties (functional groups) combine to form one single molecule, together with the loss of a small molecule.
Term
hydrolysis reaction
Definition
is a chemical reaction during which one or more water molecules are split into hydrogen and hydroxide ions which may go on to participate in further reactions.
Term
glucose
Definition
sugar, C6H12O6, having several optically different forms, the common dextrorotatory form (dextroglucose, or d-glucose) occurring in many fruits, animal tissues and fluids, etc., and having a sweetness about one half that of ordinary sugar, and the rare levorotatory form (levoglucose, or l-glucose) not naturally occurring.
Term
cellulose
Definition
an inert carbohydrate, (C6H10O5) n, the chief constituent of the cell walls of plants and of wood, cotton, hemp, paper, etc.
Term
glycogen
Definition
a white, tasteless polysaccharide, (C6H10O5)n, molecularly similar to starch, constituting the principal carbohydrate storage material in animals and occurring chiefly in the liver, in muscle, and in fungi and yeasts.
Term
starch
Definition
a white, tasteless, solid carbohydrate, (C6H1 0O5)n, occurring in the form of minute granules in the seeds, tubers, and other parts of plants, and forming an important constituent of rice, corn, wheat, beans, potatoes, and many other vegetable foods.
Term
monomer
Definition
a molecule of low molecular weight capable of reacting with identical or different molecules of low molecular weight to form a polymer.


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Term
polymer
Definition
a compound of high molecular weight derived either by the addition of many smaller molecules, as polyethylene, or by the condensation of many smaller molecules with the elimination of water, alcohol, or the like, as nylon.
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