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Canty Test 2
B
168
Health Care
Professional
02/24/2012
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Term
1.       The 3 layers of arteries are the _____, _____ and the _____.
 Definition
TUNICA INTIMA, TUNICA MEDIA, TUNICA ADVENTITIA
Term
2.       The _____ layer of arteries is where lesions and fatty deposits mostly occur.
 Definition
TUNICA INTIMA
Term
3.       3 components of the tunica intima layer of arteries.
 Definition
1) ENDOTHELIUM, 2) SUBENDOTHELIUM, 3) ELASTIC LAYER
Term
4.       The _____ layer of blood vessels is partially where lesions occur.
 Definition
TUNICA MEDIA
Term
5.       2 components of the tunica media layer of arteries.
 Definition
1) SMOOTH MUSCLE, 2) ELASTIC FIBERS
Term
6.       What makes up the tunica adventitia layer of arteries?
 Definition
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE WITH NOURSIHING VESSELS (VASA VASORUM)
Term
7.       6 components of the recurrent injury hypothesis of atherosclerosis.
 Definition
1) RECURRENT INJURY, 2) ENDOTHELIAL DISRUPTION, 3) MONOCYTE ADHERENCE AND ACTIVATION, 4) SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL PROLIFERATION, 5) ACCUMULATION OF LIPIDS, 6) ORGANIZATION OF MATURE PLAQUE
Term
8.       _____ can occur beneath the endothelium of arteries, and can easily disrupt and cause almost immediate clotting.
 Definition
VULNERABLE PLAQUES
Term
9.       2 alternatives to statin drugs are _____ and _____ which can help with cardio health.
 Definition
CHINESE RED RICE EXTRACT, POLYCOSANOLS
Term
10.   Because lipids are insoluble in plasma, they are encapsulated by certain fat-carrying proteins called _____.
 Definition
LIPOPROTEINS
Term
11.   5 different classes of lipoproteins.
 Definition
1) CHYLOMICRONS, 2) VLDL’S, 3) IDL’S. 4) LDL’S, 5) HDL’S
Term
12.   _____ are lipoproteins synthesized by the small intestine and liver. They are involved in the transport of exogenous triglycerides and cholesterol that has been absorbed from the GI tract.
 Definition
CHYLOMICRONS
Term
13.   _____ are lipoproteins synthesized by the liver. They are the primarily endogenous pathway for transform of triglycerides that are already in the body.
 Definition
VLDL’S
Term
14.   VLDL’s carry triglycerides to tissue capillaries for entry into _____ and _____ cells.
 Definition
FAT AND MUSCLE
Term
15.   _____ constitute the lipoprotein remnants that remain when the triglycerides are removed from the VLDL.
 Definition
IDL’S
Term
16.   IDL’s are either taken up and broken down by the _____, or they are converted to _____.
 Definition
LIVER; LDL’S
Term
17.   _____ are the major carriers of cholesterol, so its measurements provide good estimates of blood cholesterol.
 Definition
LDL’S
Term
18.   About 2/3 of the circulating LDL’s are removed by the _____ by means of the LDL receptors. The remainder is taken up and broken down in peripheral tissues by degradative process which includes _____.
 Definition
LIVER; MACROPHAGES
Term
19.   When macrophages uptake LDL within the arterial wall, it can result in these 3 things.
 Definition
1) ACCUMULATION OF ESTER, 2) FORMATION OF FOAM CELLS, 3) DEVELOPMENT OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Term
20.   _____ serve as the carriers that remove cholesterol from the peripheral tissue, and transport it back to the liver for catabolism and excretion. They also inhibit cellular uptake of LDL’s.
 Definition
HDL’S
Term
21.   High levels of _____ contribute to the development of artherosclerosis, whereas high levels of _____ appear to provide some protection against the disorder.
 Definition
LDL’S; HDL’S
Term
22.   3 groups of people who have elevated levels of HDL’s.
 Definition
1) PEOPLE WHO EXERCISE REGULARLY, 2) WOMEN WHO TAKE ESTROGENS, 3) PEOPLE WHO CONSUME MODERATE AMOUNTS OF ALCOHOL
Term
23.   _____ and _____ are associated with high levels of LDL’s and low levels of HDL’s.
 Definition
SMOKING AND DIABETES
Term
24.   LDL’s are the major carriers of _____, and form _____.
 Definition
CHOLESTEROL’ ATHEROMAS
Term
25.   VLDL’s are the major carriers of _____.
 Definition
TRIGLYCERIDES
Term
26.   HDL’s are the good guys in that they prevent _____ formation.
 Definition
ATHEROMA
Term
28.   5 major risk factors of cardiovascular disease that can be changed.
 Definition
1) CIGARETTE SMOKING, 2) HIGH BP, 3) BLOOD CHOLESTEROL LEVELS, 4) DIABETES, 5) STRESS
Term
29.   4 major risk factors of cardiovascular disease that cannot be changed.
 Definition
1) HEREDITY, 2) SEX, 3) RACE, 4) AGE
Term
30.   _____ is the core/root of angina.
 Definition
ISCHEMIC HYPOXIA
Term
31.   This type of ischemia does not have symptoms or angina.
 Definition
SILENT ISCHEMIA
Term
32.   If a person presents with ischemic hypoxia, their ECG will show _____ and might have a _____.
 Definition
ST SEGMENT DEPRESSION, T WAVE INVERSION
Term
34.   In this type of hypoxia, there is a lack of O2 to cells due to a lack of oxygen loading in the blood.
 Definition
HYPOXEMIA HYPOXIA
Term
35.   In this type of hypoxia there is a lack of blood flow due to restricted O2 causing cellular swelling.
 Definition
ISCHEMIA HYPOXIA
Term
36.   If a person has ischemic hypoxia, their cells will lose the ability to do these 2 things.
 Definition
1) LOSE THE BAILITY TO SYNTHESIZE PROTEINS, 2) LOSE CELL MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY
Term
37.   This type of hypoxia is caused by a lack of O2 to cells due to decreased RBCs and/or hemoglobin.
 Definition
ANEMIA HYPOXIA
Term
38.   This type of hypoxia is caused by a toxin that caused oxygen deprivation in the tissues.
 Definition
HISTOTOXIC HYPOXIA
Term
39.   _____ is the number one cause of cell injury.
 Definition
HYPOXIA
Term
40.   When cell injury is sustained due to hypoxia, _____ keeps the platelets from getting sticky, and sometimes it removes the clot and restores the flow of blood in the lumen.
 Definition
ASPIRIN
Term
41.   When is cell intervention too late/ what is the point of no return?
 Definition
WHEN MITOCHONDRIA FILL WITH CALCIUM, WHICH DESTROYS ATP MAKERS
Term
42.   O2 is necessary to manufacture _____ in cardiac cells.
 Definition
ATP
Term
43.   When cardiac cells are in O2 deprivation, it goes anaerobic for a while and causes a build up of _____.
 Definition
LACTIC ACID
Term
44.   Eventually the lack of ATP will cause _____ failure.
 Definition
NA/K PUMP
Term
45.   When there is NA/K pump failure, sodium and water accumulate inside the cell causing _____.
 Definition
CELLULAR SWELLING
Term
46.   _____ is an early sign of cell injury.
 Definition
CELLULAR SWELLING
Term
47.   Cellular swelling is _____.
 Definition
REVERSIBLE
Term
48.   When cellular swelling occurs, organelles become distorted, disrupted, and porous affecting the cell membrane in these 2 ways.
 Definition
1) RIBOSOMES CAN’T MANUFACTURE PROTEINS BECAUSE OF DISTORTION, 2) POROSITY OF MEMBRANE WILL ALLOW CALCIUM TO ACCUMULATE IN THE CELL WHICH IS A HALLMARK OF CELL INJURY, 3) MITOCHONDRIA BURST
Term
49.   4 signs and symptoms of hypoxia.
 Definition
1) DIAPHORESIS, 2) ANXIETY, 3) GREAT PAIN, 4) NAUSEA
Term
50.   If there is cellular injury occurring an ECG will show a _____ and _____.
 Definition
ST ELEVATION AND WIDENED Q WAVE
Term
51.   If cellular injury occurs, blood work will show up _____ hours after cell injury.
 Definition
6-12 HOURS
Term
52.   If cellular injury occurs the blood work will show an elevation of these 5 cardiac enzymes.
 Definition
1) CK, 2) CPK, 3) CPK-MB, 4) SGOT/AST, 5) LDH
Term
53.   _____ begins rising 3-4 hours after cellular injury.
 Definition
TROPONIN T
Term
54.   Is found in the actin and myosin of muscle cells, and begins rising 4-6 hours after cellular injury.
 Definition
TROPONIN I
Term
55.   _____ is responsible for O2 storage in muscle cells, and begins rising 1-2 hours after injury.
 Definition
MYOGLOBIN
Term
56.   _____ begins rising 4-6 hours after cellular injury.
 Definition
TOTAL CREATINE KINASE
Term
57.   If there is cellular injury WBC count will be _____ within 12-24 hours. _____ is usually due to systemic infection with is part of the inflammatory response.
 Definition
ELEVATED; LEUKOCYTOSIS
Term
58.   4 manifestation categories of a myocardial infarction.
 Definition
1) PAIN AND AUTONOMIC RESPONSES ASSOCIATED WITH ISCHEMIC EVENTS, 2) WEAKNESS AND SIGNS RELATED TO IMPAIRED MYOCARDIAL FUNCTION, 3) DYSRHYTHMIA, 4) ECG CHANGES
Term
59.   3 ECG changes that will occur in a patient with a MI.
 Definition
1) ST ELEVATION, 2) T WAVE INVERSION, 3) WIDE Q WAVE
Term
60.   The ECG changes that occur in a patient with an MI are associated with _____ and _____ of myocardial cells.
 Definition
ISCHEMIA, DEATH
Term
61.   7 complications of an MI.
 Definition
1) SUDDEN DEATH, 2) HEART FAILURE, 3) PERICARDITIS, 4) THROMBOEMBOLI, 5) RUPTURE OF MYOCARDIUM, 6) ANEURYSM, 7) ARRHYTHMIAS
Term
62.   Pain from myocardial infarctions present as _____ and _____ pain.
 Definition
BACK AND ARM PAIN
Term
63.   The vagal stimulation from myocardial infarction will cause _____ and _____.
 Definition
NAUSEA AND VOMITING
Term
64.   The sympathetic stimulation from myocardial infarction will cause _____, _____ and a _____.
 Definition
TACHYCARDIA, ANXIETY, AND AN INCREASE IN BP
Term
65.   Following a myocardial infarction, no tissue changes are noted in the first _____ hours.
 Definition
12 HOURS
Term
66.   After _____ hours, the tissue turns pale to grey-brown, with slight pallor of the area.
 Definition
18-24 HOURS
Term
67.   After _____ days following a myocardial infraction, necrosis of the area is apparent In the center and hyperemic around the edges.
 Definition
2-4 DAYS
Term
68.   After _____ days following a myocardial infarction, the area becomes soft and fatty changes in the center are well developed. Hemorrhagic areas are present in the infarcted areas.
 Definition
4-10 DAYS
Term
69.   After _____ days following a myocardial infarction, fibrotic scar tissue replacement occurs and revascularization commences.
 Definition
10+ DAYS
Term
70.   After _____ weeks following a myocardial infarction, scar tissue replacement of necrotic tissues ensues.
 Definition
6 WEEKS
Term
71.   _____ is the number 1 killer of people in the US. It is a disease that manifests within the lumen of the coronary arteries, or beneath the endothelium.
 Definition
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
Term
72.   _____ is the most common artery affected by coronary artery disease.
 Definition
LAD
Term
73.   _____ is the major symptom of coronary artery disease.
 Definition
ANGINA
Term
74.   3 types of angina that present in coronary artery disease.
 Definition
1) CLASSIC ANGINA, 2) UNSTABLE ANGINA, 3) VARIABLE ANGINA
Term
75.   _____ is angina that is caused by an increased workload on the heart during physical stress. It often goes away after rest.
 Definition
CLASSIC (STABLE) ANGINA
Term
76.   _____ is angina that is 1 step closer to cell injury and infarction. There are periods of some blocking where it cuts off the blood flow beyond the lesion. During this period of time there can be partial or total obstruction.
 Definition
UNSTABLE ANGINA
Term
77.   Unstable angina is not associated with exercise, rather it comes during _____.
 Definition
REST
Term
78.   _____ is a vasodilator used with unstable angina that is a vasodilator used to bring relief of symptoms by improving oxygen supply.
 Definition
NITROGLYCERINE
Term
79.   _____ is vasospastic angina not usually associated with atherosclerosis. Instead it is associated with spastic vessels.
 Definition
VARIABLE ANGINA (PRINZMETAL’S ANGINA)
Term
80.   _____ will be the final outcome of variable angina in the _____ arteries.
 Definition
HYPOXIA; CORONARY ARTERIES
Term
81.   _____ is fibrous banding that encases the heart like a cast. The heart can’t fill or pump very well, causing a life threatening situation.
 Definition
CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS
Term
82.   6 impaired cardiac functions that can cause heart failure.
 Definition
1) CARDIOMYOPATHY, 2) MI, 3) CORONARY INSUFFICIENCY, 4) CONGENITAL DEFECTS, 5) CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS, 6) VULVAR HEART DISEASE
Term
83.   3 excess work demands of the heart that can eventually lead to heart failure.
 Definition
1) INCREASED PRESSURE CAUSING STRICTURING OF THE AORTA, 2) INCREASED VOLUME WORK, 3) INCREASED PERFUSION WORK
Term
84.   _____ causes congestive blood back up into the lungs eventually leading to pulmonary edema.
 Definition
LEFT SIDED HEART FAILURE
Term
85.   If left sided heart failure is present in a patient, a doctor will hear _____ or _____, and the patient might also present with _____ because of collapsed alveoli.
 Definition
RALES, CRACKES; ABSENT BREATH SOUNDS
Term
86.   If a patient presents with left sided heart failure, the backup will go all the way back and stress the _____.
 Definition
RIGHT SIDE OF THE HEART
Term
87.   The number one cause of right sided heart failure is _____.
 Definition
LEFT SIDED HEART FAILURE
Term
88.   If left sided heart failure causes right sided heart failure, the venous blood will back up to the jugular veins and one will see _____.
 Definition
JUGULAR VENOUS DISTENTION
Term
89.   7 signs and symptoms of a patient with left sided heart failure.
 Definition
1) EXERTIONAL DYSPNEA, 2) ORTHOPNEA, 3) PAROXYSMAL NOCTURNAL DYSPNEA, 4) PRODUCTIVE COUGH, 5) BLOOD-TINGED SPUTUM, 6) CYANOSIS, 7) ELEVATION IN PULMONARY CAPILLARY WEDGE PRESSURE
Term
90.   To test elevation in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure during left sided heart failure use a _____, which is threaded through the right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, and it measures the left ventricular pressure.
 Definition
SWANS-GANZ CATHETER
Term
91.   3 treatments used for left sided heart failure that can also help right sided heart failure.
 Definition
1) DIGOXIN, 2)ACE INHIBITOR, 3) BIODIN FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS
Term
92.   9 symptoms of right sided heart failure.
 Definition
1) HEPATOMEGALY, 2) SPLENOMEGAY, 3) PORTAL HYPERTENSION, 4) FATIGUE, 5) DEPEDENT EDEMA, 6) JUGULAR VEIN DISTENSION, 7) ANOREXIA, 8) CYANOSIS, 9) PERIPHERAL VENOUS PRESSURE
Term
93.   3 bodily compensatory mechanisms when tissues are not getting enough O2.
 Definition
1) SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM, 2) RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE, 3) ANAEROBIC METABOLISM
Term
94.   4 responses of the sympathetic nervous system in response to tissues not getting enough O2.
 Definition
1) INCREASES HEART RATE, 2) INCREASED MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTILITY, 3) INCREASED WORK DEMAND ON THE HEART, 4) VASOCONSTRICTION LEADING TO INCREASED PVR
Term
95.   4 ways the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system compensates in response to tissues not getting enough O2.
 Definition
1) JGA CELLS DETECT A DECREASE IN BLOOD PRESSURE AND RELEASE RENIN, 2) RENIN IS CONVERTED TO ANGIOTENSINOGEN IN THE LIVER WHICH CONVERTS TO AG2, 3) THIS CAUSES THE BODY TO RETAIN MORE SODIUM AND WATER INCREASING BLOOD VOLUME, 4) THE INCREASED VOLUME INCREASES THE WORK LOAD ON THE HEART INCREASING PVR
Term
96.   3 steps in how anaerobic metabolism compensated in response to tissues not getting enough O2.
 Definition
1) O2 NOT GETTING TO CELLS DECREASES ATP PRODUCTION, 2) THIS CAUSES A BUILD UP OF LACTIC ACID, 3) ACIDOSIS IMPAIRS CONTRACTILITY OF THE HEART
Term
97.   9 steps in cell injury
 Definition
1) DECREASED O2 TO CELLS, 2) DECREASED ATP SYNTHESIS, 3) FAILURE OF THE NA/K PUMP, 4) SODIUM ACCUMULATES INSIDE THE CELL CAUSING WATER TO FLOW IN, 5) CELLULAR SWELLING INSUES, 6) THIS CAUSES CELLULAR DISTORTION DAMAGING ORGANELLES, 7) PROTEIN SYNTHESIS DECLINES, 8) CELL MEMBRANES BECOME PERMEABLE, 9) CALCIUM ENTERS THE CELL DESTROYING MITOCHONDRIA
Term
98.   8 noninvasive assessments of cardiovascular function.
 Definition
1) SENSORIUM, 2) MUCOUS MEMBRANE COLOR, 3) PULSE RATE, 4) AUSCULTATION OF HEART SOUNDS, 5) CARDIOGRAPHY, 6) DOPPLER STUDIES, 7) STRESS TESTING, 8) CHEST X-RAYS
Term
99.   3 invasive assessments of cardiac function.
 Definition
1) NUCLEAR IMAGING WITH RADIOLABELED PHARMACEUTICALS, 2) CARDIAC CATHERIZATION, 3) CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY
Term
100.                        4 causes of impaired cardiac function.
 Definition
1) MYOCARDIAL DISEASE, 2) VALVAR HEART DISEASE, 3) CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS, 4) CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS
Term
101.                        4 myocardial diseases that cause impaired cardiac function.
 Definition
1) CARDIOMYOPATHIES, 2) MYOCARDITIS PULMONARY HYPERTENSION, 3) CORONARY INSUFFICIENCY, 4) MI
Term
102.                        2 valvar heart diseases that cause impaired cardiac function.
 Definition
1) STENOTIC VALVULAR DISEASE, 2) REGURGITATION VULVAR DISEASE
Term
103.                        3 causes of increased pressure work of the heart.
 Definition
1) SYSTEMIC HYPERTENSION, 2) PULMONARY HYPERTENSION, 3) COARCTATION OF THE AORTA
Term
104.                        2 causes of increased volume work of the heart.
 Definition
1) ARTERIOVENOUS SHUNT, 2) EXCESS IV FLUIDS
Term
105.                        2 causes of increased perfusion work of the heart.
 Definition
1) THYROTOXICOSIS, 2) ANEMIA
Term
106.                        5 etiologies of congestive cardiomyopathy.
 Definition
1) MYOCARDIAL DAMAGE CAUSED BY DRUGS, 2) ALCOHOLISM, 3) PERIPARTUM CARDIOMYOPATHY, 4) FOLLOWING A PREVIOUS INFECTION, 5) INEFFICIENT PUMP
Term
107.                        The most common manifestations of cardiomyopathy are _____ and _____.
 Definition
DYSPNEA AND FATIGUE
Term
108.                        5 manifestations of congestive cardiomyopathy.
 Definition
1) DYSPNEA AND FATIGUE, 2) PALPATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH ARRHYTHMIAS, 3) CHEST PAIN, 4) ELEVATED BP, 5) EXTRA HEART SOUNDS AND CARDIAC MURMURS
Term
109.                        The prognosis of congestive cardiomyopathy is _____.
 Definition
NOT GOOD
Term
110.                        6 treatments of congestive cardiomyopathy.
 Definition
1) SALT RESTRICTION, 2) DIGITALIS GLYCOSIDES AND DIURETICS, 3) ANTICOAGULANTS, 4) BED REST, 5) CORTICOSTEROIDS, 6) VASODILATORS
Term
111.                        _____ is a condition caused by an increased interventricular wall septal thickness causing obstruction.
 Definition
HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY
Term
112.                        If one has hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, there will be an obstructive outcome during _____.
 Definition
SYSTOLE
Term
113.                        3 manifestations of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
 Definition
1) ANGINA, 2) DIZZINESS, 3) CHF
Term
114.                        The 2 therapies of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is either _____ or _____.
 Definition
BETA BLOCKERS OR SURGERY
Term
115.                        _____ is usually caused by an infiltrative disease of the myocardium such as amyloidosis or hemochromatosis causing a stiff non-compliant heart.
 Definition
RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY
Term
116.                        The most common clinical manifestation is _____.
 Definition
RIGHT SIDED CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
Term
117.                        If one has restrictive cardiomyopathy, the myocardium becomes _____ and _____.
 Definition
RIGID AND NONCOMPLIANT
Term
118.                        If one has restrictive cardiomyopathy, _____ is impeded and filling pressures are raised during diastole.
 Definition
VENTRICULAR FILLING
Term
119.                        If one has restrictive cardiomyopathy, death occurs as a result of _____ or _____.
 Definition
CHF OR ARRHYTHMIAS
Term
120.                        _____ is a group of diseases that result from the abnormal deposition of a particular protein called amyloid in various tissues of the body.
 Definition
AMYLOIDOSIS
Term
121.                        When amyloidosis occurs in a single tissue of the body is it called _____.
 Definition
LOCALIZED AMYLOIDOSIS
Term
122.                        When amyloidosis occurs in multiple tissues in the body it is called _____, and it can cause serious changes in virtually any organ of the body.
 Definition
SYSTEMIC AMYLOIDOSIS
Term
123.                        A _____ is an out-pouching/bubbling of an artery.
 Definition
AORTIC ANEURYSM
Term
124.                        A _____ aneurysm is caused by a clot.
 Definition
FALSE ANEURYSM
Term
125.                        _____ is an aneurysm when there is a tear in the aortic wall through the tunica intima and perhaps the media.
 Definition
DISSECTING ANEURYSM
Term
126.                        If a dissecting aneurysm results, a patient will die within _____ hours.
 Definition
48
Term
127.                        The most common artery affected by an aneurysm is the _____.
 Definition
ABDOMINAL AORTA
Term
128.                        Abdominal aortic aneurysms most commonly occurs _____.
 Definition
AT THE BIFURCATION OF THE ABDOMINAL AORTA INTO THE COMMON ILIAC ARTERIES
Term
129.                        The most common artery affected by a dissecting aneurysm is the _____.
 Definition
ASCENDING AORTA
Term
130.                        7 symptoms of a thoracic aneurysm.
 Definition
1) SUBSTERNAL, BACK AND NECK PAIN, 2) DYSPNEA AND STRIDOR, 3) TRACHEAL PRESSURE, 4) HOARSENESS OF VOICE, 5) DIFFICULTY SWALLOWING, 6) DISTENSION OF THE NECK DUE TO SVC COMPRESSION, 7) AORTIC REGURGITATION
Term
131.                        If one has an abdominal aneurysm, a _____ may provide the first evidence of the disorder.
 Definition
PULSATILE MASS
Term
132.                        _____ which usually exists on the wall of an aneurysm may be detected during abdominal x-ray examinations.
 Definition
CALCIFICATION
Term
133.                        If one has an abdominal aneurysm, pain may be present in the _____ and _____.
 Definition
MID-ABDOMEN TO LOWER BACK
Term
134.                        If one has an abdominal aneurysm, the aneurysm may extend to and impinge the _____, _____, or _____ arteries.
 Definition
RENAL, ILIAC, OR MESENTERIC
Term
135.                        If one has an abdominal aneurysm, stasis of blood favors _____ along the wall of the vessel and _____ may develop causing symptomatic arterial insufficiency.
 Definition
THROBUS FORMATION; PERIPHERAL EMBOLI
Term
136.                        Could help rule out adjusting a patient with an abdominal aneurysm.
 Definition
X-RAY
Term
137.                        _____ is an acute life threatening condition that involves a hemorrhage into the vessel wall with longitudinal tearing of the vessel wall to form a blood-filled channel.
 Definition
DISSECTING ANEURYSM
Term
138.                        Dissecting aneurysm is caused by conditions that weaken or cause degenerative changes in the elastic and smooth muscle layer of the _____.
 Definition
MEDIAL LAYER OF THE AORTA
Term
139.                        Dissecting aneurysms most commonly affect _____ aged _____.
 Definition
MALES; 40-60
Term
140.                        90% of dissecting aneurysm cases are associated with a previous history of _____.
 Definition
HYPERTENSION
Term
141.                        The most common site of a dissecting aneurysm is the _____, while the second most common site is the _____.
 Definition
ASCENDING AORTA; THORACIC AORTA JUST DISTAL TO THE ORIGIN OF THE SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY
Term
142.                        The major symptom of a dissecting aneurysm is an abrupt appearance of excruciating pain described as _____or _____.
 Definition
TEARING OR RIPPING
Term
143.                        Within the first 48 hours, _____% of people die who have a untreated dissecting aneurysm.
 Definition
50.00000%
Term
144.                        _____% of untreated dissecting aneurysm patients die within 6 weeks.
 Definition
90.00000%
Term
145.                        _____ is idiopathic high blood pressure that usually goes undetected due to a lack of symptoms.
 Definition
PRIMARY/ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION
Term
146.                        Primary/essential hypertension represents _____% of hypertension cases.
 Definition
90.00000%
Term
147.                        4 causes of secondary hypertension.
 Definition
1) CUSHINGS DISEASE, 3) PRIMARY ALDOSTERONISM, 3) PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA, 4) COARCTATION OF THE AORTA
Term
148.                        9 risk factors of hypertension.
 Definition
1) FAMILY HISTORY, 2) AGE, 3) MALE GENDER, 4) BLACK RACE, 5) OBESITY, 6) HIGH SODIUM DIET, 7) GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE, 8) SMOKING, 9) HEAVY ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Term
149.                        What is the best way to diagnose hypertension. .
 Definition
TAKE BP AT THE SAME TIME OF DAY AND RECORD IT OVER A PERIOD OF DAYS
Term
150.                        If one has hypertension, there will be ophthalmic changes in the _____ of the eyes.
 Definition
VASCULAR BEDS
Term
151.                        _____ is thong term effect of hypertension, so we should run kidney function tests when one presents with hypertension.
 Definition
RENAL FAILURE
Term
152.                        If one has hypertension, there will be a _____ in an ECG.
 Definition
LARGE R WAVE
Term
153.                        7 steps in the pathyphysiology of hypertension.
 Definition
1) HYPERTENSION DAMAGES THE WALLS OF THE SYSTEMIC VESSELS, 2) PROLONGED VASOCONSTRICTION AND HIGH PRESSURE CAUSES THE VESSELS TO THICKEN, 3) ARTERIAL SMOOTH MUSCLE UNDERGOES HYPERTROPHY, 4) TUNICA INTIMA AND MEDIA UNDERGO FIBROMUSCULAR THICKENING LEADING TO NARROWING OF THE LUMEN, 5) VESSELS BECOME PERMANENTLY NARROWED, 6) HYPERTENSIVE INJURY CAUSES INFLAMMATION TO INCREASE THE PERMEABILITY OF THE VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM, 7) AS PERMEABILITY INCREASES MORE IONS ENTER THE VESSEL WALLS CAUSING FURTHER THICKENING
Term
154.                        When _____ occur, hypertension is usually far advanced.
 Definition
SYMPTOMS
Term
155.                        7 manifestations of hypertension.
 Definition
1) UNSTEADINESS, 2) WALKING HEADACHE, 3) BLURRED VISION, 4) DEPRESSION, 5) RENAL DYSFUNCTION, 6) RETINAL CHANGES, 7) SIGNS OF VENTRICULAR FAILURE SUCH AS DYSPNEA OR EXERTION
Term
156.                        4 hypertensive death related causes.
 Definition
1) STROKE, 2) MI, 3) RENAL FAILURE, 4) ENCEPHALOPATHY
Term
157.                        _____ is a CVA when a blood clot lodges in a vessel leading to ischemic hypoxia.
 Definition
THROMBOTIC
Term
158.                        _____ is a CVA when a clot comes from a far away source.
 Definition
EMBOLIC STROKE
Term
159.                        _____ is a CVA caused by bleeding.
 Definition
HEMORRHAGIC STROKE
Term
160.                        Hypertension is the primary cause of _____ strokes.
 Definition
HEMORRHAGIC STROKE
Term
161.                        _____ are small stroke like incidents that last 10 minutes or less. It leads to a loss in a patients senses.
 Definition
TIA (TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK)
Term
162.                        If one has a TIA, a patient will experience these 2 symptoms.
 Definition
1) BRUITS, 2) THEY WILL SEE FLOATERS
Term
163.                        For something to be diagnosed as a stroke, symptoms must remain for _____ hours.
 Definition
24 HOURS
Term
164.                        If a patient has a thrombotic stroke, _____ can be administered to bust out the clot that’s blocking the brain, and restore blood flow. This is able to completely resolve the stroke leading too complications.
 Definition
THRMBOLYTICS
Term
165.                        Strokes tame time to _____ to completion. It might not look severe at first, but the next day the patient could look much worse.
 Definition
EVOLVE
Term
166.                        Once a patient has completed a stoke they should work on _____ as quick as possible.
 Definition
REHAB
Term
167.                        _____ and _____ are 2 agents used to treat thrombotic and embolic strokes. They must not be administered to a patient with a hemorrhagic stroke because they will bleed to death.
 Definition
FIBRINOLYSIS AND FIBRINOLYTIC AGENTS
Term
168.                        13 risk factors of cerebrovascular disease.
 Definition
1) ATHEROSCLEROSIS, 2) HYPERTENSION, 3) HIGH CHOLESTEROL, 4) FAMILY HISTORY, 5) OBESITY, 6) SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE, 7) ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, 8) SMOKING, 9) COAGULATION DISORDERS, 10) DEHYDRATION, 11) CHRONIC HYPOXIA, 12) CIGARETTE SMOKING
Term
169.                        4 manifestations of a left hemispheric stroke.
 Definition
1) RIGHT SIDED HEMIPLEGIA, 2) SLOW AND CAUTIOUS BEHAVIOR, 3) RIGHT VISUAL FIELD DEFECT, 4) EXPRESSIVE, RECEPTIVE OR GLOBAL DYSPHASIA
Term
170.                        7 manifestations of a right hemispheric stroke.
 Definition
1) LEFT SIDED HEMIPLEGIA, 2) SPATIAL-PERCEPTUAL DEFICITS, 3) IMPULSIVE BEHAVIOR, 4) DISTRACTABILITY, 5) DENIAL, 6) LEFT VISUAL FIELD DEFECTS, 7) PERSEVERATION (REPEATING A WORD OVER AND OVER)
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