Term
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Definition
it means Book which is derived from the
Greek word Bibilion which means "book." Bibilion was derived from Biblios which means papyrus. |
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Term
| In the English Old Testament Bible how many catagories are there and what are they? |
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Definition
Four.
1. Law
2. History
3. Wisdom/Poetry
4. Prophets |
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Term
| How many books are in OT catagory 1 (Law) and what are they? |
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Definition
| FIVE. 1. Genesis 2. Exodus 3. Leviviticus 4. Numbers 5. Deutronomy
(Gen.---Deut.) |
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Term
| What are the five questions/ principles in determining Canonicity? |
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Definition
| 1. Auhtoritative 2. Prophetic 3. Authentic 4. Dynamic 5. Recieved |
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Term
| How many books are in OT catagory 2 (History) and what are they? |
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Definition
TWELVE.
1. Joshua
2. Judges
3. Ruth
4. 1 Samuel
5. 2 Samuel
6. 1 Kings
7. 2 Kings
8. 1 Cronicles
9. 2 Chronicles
10.Ezera
11. Nehemiah
12. Esther |
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Term
| How many books are in OT catagory 3 (Wisedom/Poetry) and what are they? |
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Definition
FIVE.
1. Job
2.Psalms
3. Proverbs
4. Ecclesiastes
5.Song of Solomon |
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Term
| How many books are in OT catagory 4 (Prophets) and what are they? |
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Definition
SEVENTEEN.
1.Isiah
2. jeremiah
3. Lamentations
4. Ezekial
5. Daniel
6. Hosea
7. Joel
8. Amos
9. Obadiah
10. Jonah
11. Micah
12. Nahum
13. Habakkuk
14. Zephaniah
15. Haggai
16. Zechariah
17. Malachi |
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Term
| In your New Testament English Bibles how many catagories are there and what are they? |
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Definition
FOUR.
1. Gospels
2. History
3. Letters
4. Apocalypse |
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Term
| Why is Ruth in the History catagory and not the prophets? |
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Definition
| Because she was a woman, and women were not held in hish esteem, and because she was a mideonite and not a Jew/ Israelite. |
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Term
| How many books are in NT caragory 1 (Goespels) and what are they? |
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Definition
FOUR.
1. Matthew
2. Mark
3. Luke
4. JOhn |
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Term
| How many books are in NT caragory 2 (History) and what are they? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many books are in NT caragory 3 (Letters) and what are they? |
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Definition
TWENTY-ONE.
1. Romans
2. 1 Cor.
3. 2 Cor.
4. Galatians
5. Ephesians
6. Philipians
7. Colosians
8. 1 Thess.
9. 2 Thess.
10. 1 Tim.
11. 2 Tim.
12. Titus
13. Philemon
14. Hebrews
15. James
16. 1 Peter
17. 2 Peter
18. 1 John
19. 2 John
20. 3 John
21. Jude |
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Term
| How many books are in NT caragory 4 (Apocalypse) and what are they? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the word "Testament" mean? |
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Definition
| it is a covenant. or it is an act by which a person detrimes the deposition of his property after his death. ( a will) |
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Term
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Definition
| It is the early date that people believe that some point after this date, the Cannon was closed. "Closed" meaning is was not yet solitified, the solitification came later at the Council of Jamnia at 90 A.D. |
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Term
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Definition
It is an acrostic that Jews used to refer to theire Scriptures.
T- Torah (law)
N- Nebim
K-Kethubim
(th "A"s are to connection the acrostic) |
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Term
| What are the two differences between Chronicles and Samuel/Kings? |
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Definition
1. In the Hebrew Bibel Samuel and Kings were included in the Prophets and Chronicles is included in the Holy writings.
2.Sam and Chron. goes up to the time of entering the Promise Land, in contrast Chronicles was written after the point of entering the promise land. They both go up to the point of Babylionian Exile.
3. Chronicles exagerates finacial and historical figures. This is a result of the context being messed with. |
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Term
| Of the five questions/principles in detriming the canonicity which one is the most important? |
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Definition
1. Authentic
2. Authoritative
3. Prophetic
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Term
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Definition
| It is the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible. |
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Term
| What are some differences in the OT Canon from Jewish Tradition, Septuagint Greek, Latin and/or Eastern Orthodox (which are all religious sects, and they all have their own order of the Bible, so whats the differences in their ordering?) |
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Definition
1. the sept. and greek orth. has apocraphful books in it.
2. ■Jewish tradition puts most of our “history” section in their “Prophets” section
3.■We put Lamentations in “Prophets” while the Hebrews (Jewish Tradition) do not.
4.■We put Job #1 in our Poetry while the Septuagint puts him at #5.
5.■Orthodox puts all those Apocryphal books in |
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Term
| Where does Ruth go in the Bible in Jewish Tradition; where in the other traditions? |
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Definition
- Jewish Tradition: Ruth goes in the “Writing” under the “Five Scrolls” (Megillot)
-Septuagint, Vulgate, English: All have Ruth #3 in History |
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Term
| Name two Books from the Apocrypha (from the shorter list). |
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Definition
1) Tobit
2)1 Macabees
or
1. Tobit
2. Judith |
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Term
| Name two Books from the Pseudepigrapha (perhaps important ones from the longer list). |
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Definition
1) Ascension of Moses
2) Jubilees
or
1. Life of Adam and Eve
2.Enoch |
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Term
| Beckwith listed five Pieces of Evidence for the shape (order) and the contents of the Old Testament Canon; what were they? |
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Definition
1.Introduction to ben-Sirach
2.Evidence from the Gospels
3.Evidence from the Talmud
4.Jesus and History
5.Philo |
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Term
| Elaboration on BECKWITH'S POINT #1 (Ben-Sirach). What does Ben-Sirach say? (This is from lecture 6) |
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Definition
- Didn’t believe that a perfect translation of Hebrew to Greek could be possible.
- The doctrine is surprisingly traditional
- He is a firm believer in the justice of divine retribution.
- There is no intimation of a future life with God in the Hebrew text; rather, all go to Sheol
- stress on the lessons of experience and on the “fear of the Lord |
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Term
| Elaboration on BECKWITH'S POINT #2 (The Gospels). Know what Luke 24:44 says. |
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Definition
Luke 24:44
- 44 He said to them, “This is what I told you while I was still with you: Everything must be fulfilled that is written about me in the Law of Moses, the Prophets and the Psalms |
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Term
| In the discussion of Canon using the various historians and church fathers, what general movement do you see? |
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Definition
1.Most treatments have most of the same named books.
2.The shape of the Canon gradually shifts from Jewish (TANAK) form to the form we have, without losing any of the original books (although not divided the same way across traditions, e.g., Chronicles forming one book; Ezra-Nehemiah sometimes forming one book, etc.).
3.Throughout the first four centuries of Church History, the order of books begins to solidify and there is a movement to reject the Apocrypha(Jerome) and Pseudepigrapha (lots of people). |
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Term
| Importanc eo the Ben- Siach |
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Definition
| it was just showing that it was written during the intertestamental state and showing that the Cannon of scripture was probebly know. He reffered to them as the law, the prophets and the other books. There is a grandson and grandfather involved.(Prologue 130 B.C., Writing 180 B.C.) |
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Term
| The importance of the council of Jamnia 90 A.D. |
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Definition
| It was where the Cannon was solidified. The Council people came together and said what was offical and what was not. |
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Term
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Definition
| it is saying that there is Law, the prophets and the fifths. The reaccuring theme is that of the hebrew scriptures there is the law, prophets and the fifths and this is how the OT cannon was percieved back then. |
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Term
| Know what Talmud/Tosephata says. |
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Definition
Tosephta: “Law, Prophets and the Fifths.”
Sometime the (five books of the) Psalms are referred to as the “Fifths.”
Sometime the Five Megilloth (scrolls) are referred to as the “Fifths.”
(Song of Solomon, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes & Esther)
-------------
Regardless, it seems to be in the Holy Writings: its reference is to the festival at which each was to be written: |
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Term
| The Holy Writings refer to five festivals, what are they and what was their purpose? |
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Definition
1. The Song of Songs - On the Feast of the Passover.
2. Ruth - On the Feast of Pentecost.
3. Lamentations - On the Fast of the ninth of Abib.
4. Ecclesiastes - On the Feast of Tabernacles.
5. Esther - On the Feast of Purim. |
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Term
Elaboration on BECKWITH'S POINT #4 (Philo). Know what the Philo Quote indicates.
“The Laws, and the Oracles given by inspiration through the Prophets, and the Psalms, and the other books whereby knowledge and piety are increased and completed” |
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Definition
| By this is would appear that Philo understood that the canon was divided into three parts roughly corresponding to the tri-partite groupings and order(s) now current within Judaism. However by the Fourth Century A.D. things were radically different. |
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Term
| Elaboration on BECKWITH'S POINT #3 (Jesus and History)In Matthew 23:33-36 Jesus says: "upon you may fall the guilt of all the righteous blood shed on earth, from the blood of righteous Abel to the blood of Zechariah, the son of Berechiah..." this is meaning... |
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Definition
| “. . . in all probability this implies that for Jesus and his hearers the canon began with *Genesis* and ended with *Chronicles*, seeing that the murder of Abel is recorded near the beginning of the former book (Gen. 4.3-15) and the murder of Zechariah near the end of the latter book (2 Chron. 24. 19-22) |
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Term
| Who was the first to use the term “apocryphal” for the books now commonly so labeled. (p. 122) |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the SIX arguments commonly advanced for accepting the Apocrypha? (p. 124) |
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Definition
1. some NT books possibly allude to the apocryphal and Pseudepigraphal books.
2. NT authors quote from the Septuagint, earliest was the apocrypha...
3. Several Apocryphal books were found with the Dead Sea Scrolls.
4. Early Christian Art reflects knowledge of the Apocrypha.
5. Early Western church fathers accepted the authority of the Apocrypha.
6. The council of Trent (1546) proclaimed that the Apocrypha was canonical. |
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Term
| What is the four evidences for argument #1 for accepting the apocrypha? (NT allusions to Apoc. & Pseud. books) |
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Definition
1. Heb. 11:35 may allude to 2 Macc. 7,12
2. Jude 9 may allude to the Testament of Moses (pseud.)
3. 2 Tim. 3:8 possibly makes reference to the Testament of Moses (pseud.)
4. Jude 14,15 quotes 1 Enoch 1:9 |
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Term
| What are the three manuscripts that show evidence for argument #2 for accepting the apocrypha? (NT authors quoting the Septu.) |
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Definition
1. Aleph = Codex Sinaiticus (4th Century)
2. A = Codex Alexandrinus (5th Century)
3. B= Codex Vaticanus (4th Century) |
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Term
| What are the three authors for arguemnt #5 for why the Apocrypha is normally accepted. (the western fathers that accepted it) |
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Definition
1. Clement of Alexandria
• Tobit, Sirach, Wisdom
2. Origen
• Epistle of Jeremiah
3. Irenaeus
• Wisdom |
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Term
| Is there good evidence that none of the apocryphal or pseudepigraphal works were included in the OT Hebrew canon used by Jews and early Christians? (p. 119) |
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Definition
YES.
1. there is no evidence that these books were ever accepted by Alexandrian Jews to form an Alexandrian canon.
2. These books probably originated from Jewish traditions and folklore possibly to fill the desire for further revelatory material that had ceased. |
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Term
| Do all of the apocryphal books have some type of inaccuracies in them? (p. 126) |
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Definition
NO.
11 out of 15 have contradictions or inaccuracies. |
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Term
| What three Apocryphal books have NO INACCURACIES in them? |
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Definition
Prayer of Azariah
Song of the Three Young Men
Prayer of Manasseh |
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Term
| What are the ten arguments set forth in the list in the readings for the rejection of the canonicity of the Apocrypha? (p. 126) |
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Definition
1)NT never cites any apocryphal books as inspired.
2)None of the apocryphal books claim to be the word of the Lord
3)OT canon is confirmed by many sources
4) There is little evidence to suggest that two different canons originated in Palestine and in Egypt. Philo, never quotes an apocryphal book as authoritative.
5) There are significant historical inaccuracies in the Apocrypha.
6) There are theological inconsistencies
7) Many early church fathers spoke against the canonicity of much or all of the Apocrypha
8) The earliest list of the OT canon by Melito (c.170) does not include the Apocrypha
9) Jerome argued against the canonicity of the Apocrypha
10) During the Council of Trent, Martin Luther argued against the canonicity of the Book of Macc. citing the NT |
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Term
| For number 3- of the 10 arguments for the rejection of the canonicity of the Apocrypha- what are the 5 sources that affirm that it is false? |
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Definition
1. 2 Esdras
2. Josephus
3. Melito
4. Jerusalem List
5. Origen |
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Term
| For number 5- of the 10 arguments for the rejection of the canonicity of the Apocrypha- what is one of the significant historical inaccuracy in the Apocrypha? |
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Definition
| It claimed that the Events in the book of Tobit were during 722 ad it was actually during 931. |
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Term
| For number 6- of the 10 arguments for the rejection of the canonicity of the Apocrypha- what is one of the significant theological inaccuracy in the Apocrypha? |
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Definition
| 1. 2 Macc. 12 says to pray for the dead, contradicts Heb. that eternal destiny can only be made before death |
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Term
| Were any copies of pseudepigraphal writings uncovered in the caves of Qumran? (p. 129) |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 3 good reasons given in the text as to why study the pseudepigrapha? (p. 129) |
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Definition
1) For the information they furnish concerning the social dimension of early Judaism.
2) It shows how important the OT was to the Jews
3) They are helpful in showing how doctrines developed in relationship to the NT |
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Term
| Is the issue of NT canonicity more difficult to determine than OT canonicity? (p. 131) |
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Definition
| Yes, there is less definitive evidence. |
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Term
| How were the events and teachings of Christ transmitted for the first 30 years of the church age? (p. 132) |
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Definition
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Term
| When were all of the NT was written by? (date, p. 135) |
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Definition
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Term
| On the 4th reason- of why we should trust the oral accounts of the events of Christ’s life- what were the 3 extra biblical records that support the account of Jesus's life? |
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Definition
1.Tacitus Annals (115 to 117): “Christus, the founder of the name, had undergone the death penalty in the reign of Tiberius, by sentence of the procurator Pontius Pilatus.
2.Josephus
3.Babylonian Talmud (a collection of Jewish oral traditions) |
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Term
| What are the five reasons why should we trust the oral accounts of the events of Christ’s life? (pp. 132-133) |
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Definition
1) Jesus’ life would have been taken on fixed forms in the telling; any embellishments or mistakes would have been easily detected by listeners.
2) It seems unlikely that the disciples and early Christians would have falsified accounts of Jesus’ life and teachings when eyewitnesses were still alive to dispute those accounts
3) All the disciples were martyred for their faith, something that seems unlikely if it were based on accounts that they themselves had falsified or fictionalized
4) Extra biblical record support scriptural accounts of Jesus’ life and teachings
5) Biblical accounts include negative elements concerning the disciples, paul and the churches. If these were fabricated, they would not have included unfavorable details about the early church. |
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Term
| When were many of the NT books probably collected into some form of canon? (p. 141) |
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Definition
| Probably before the mid-second century. |
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Term
| Name the six historical examples of when the NT books were brought into some form of a canon before the mid-century- |
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Definition
- Clement of Rome (60-100)
- Ignatius (60-117)
- Polycarp (69-155)
- Justin Martyr (100-165)
- Marcion (140)
- Irenaeus (180)
and many more.... |
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Term
| How long was there uncertainty regarding mainly the General Epistles? (P. 145) |
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Definition
| Well into the 4th century |
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Term
| OT canon was probably completed when? |
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Definition
| R.K. Harrison suggests about 400-300 B.C. |
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Term
| Date for the Council of Jamnia- |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Name the date for the earliest NT manuscript- |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Name the time period when the NT was "substantially" recognized- |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Name the date for the Printing press- |
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Definition
|
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Term
| name the date for when the Apocrypha was formally canonized- |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What role does Josephus play in the discussion on the issue of canonicity? (Discuss Who, What, When…?) |
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Definition
1. He clearly indicates that there were 22 books when the OT canon was in question (p.43, 110-111)
QUOTE “…that we do not possess myriads if inconsistent books, conflicting with each other
2. He describes the care taken in the preservation of the NT texts (90-100) (p.103)
QUOTE “But that our forefathers took no less, not to say even greater, care that the nations I have mentioned in the keeping of their records" (They assigned this to the priest and prophets)
3. He Did not hold the Apocrypha to be inspired (p.116)
4. He believed that there was no discrepancy in what was written in the OT, even though time had passed nothing has been added. He believed them to be reliable and truthful.
5. He also, when speaking about Jesus, and the early church, confirms the existence of Christ and his cruxcifixion. He also confirms the explosion of the early church. |
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Term
| Where does Ruth go in the Bible in Jewish Tradition; where in the other traditions? |
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Definition
Jewish Tradition: Ruth goes in the “Writing” under the “Five Scrolls” (Megillot)
In the Septuagint, Vulgate, English: All have Ruth #3 in History |
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Term
| In the discussion of Canon using the various historians and church fathers, what 3 general movements do you see? |
|
Definition
1. Most treatments have most of the same named books.
2. The shape of the Canon gradually shifts from Jewish (TANAK) form to the form we have,
--without losing any of the original books --although not divided the same way across traditions. (e.g., Chronicles forming one book; Ezra-Nehemiah sometimes forming one book, etc.).
3. Throughout the first four centuries of Church History, the order of books begins to solidify
--there is a movement to reject the Apocrypha (caused by Jerome) and Pseudepigrapha ( caused by lots of people). |
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Term
| The textbook, p. 131, says: “The issue of the New Testament canon is much more difficult to determine than that of the Old Testament canon since there is less definitive evidence” (Wegner, Journey, 131). What eight things does he mean by this? |
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Definition
1. There was/is a lot more NT material available to evaluate.
2. There were a lot more “Christian” people evaluating the material.
3. The OT material had, by the time of Christianity, crystallized and was more uniform.
4. The NT material went through a brief period of oral transmission.
5. There was much less uniformity of faith with the Christians than with the Jews.
Early on there were several fully developed traditions (Greek, Latin, Slavonic,
Coptic, etc.).
6. There was much less geographical connectedness with the Christians than with
the Jews.
7. The process of copying, collecting and collating the books was longer (geography, regional acceptance of some books, etc.)
8. The Jews never seemed to have as much trouble weeding out spurious works(Apocrypha/Pseudepigrapha) as the Christians did (e.g., a lot of it canonized by Council of Trent, 1545-63 A.D.) |
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Term
What do you remember about the following canonical lists? (Remember Names and Dates and Unusual Contents):
1. Muratorian Fragment/Canon |
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Definition
(ca. 180-200) NT only
- Mentions Jude and 1 and 2 John but does not mention James, 1 and 2 Peter or Hebrews
- Mentions Wisdom of Solomon and Apocalypse of Peter |
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Term
What do you remember about the following canonical lists? (Remember Names and Dates and Unusual Contents):
2. Origen- |
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Definition
(ca. 230-50) From Eusebius Church History VI.25. OT & NT
- Formed a list held universally
4 Gospels
Acts
Paul’s 13 Epistles
1 Peter
2 Peter
2 and 3 John (he questions)
James
Jude
Didache (Noncanonical)
Epistle of Barnabas (Noncanonical)
Shepherd of Hermas (Noncanonical)
1 Clement (Noncanonical)
Acts of Paul (Noncanonical) |
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Term
What do you remember about the following canonical lists? (Remember Names and Dates and Unusual Contents):
Eusebius- |
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Definition
(ca. 325) Ecclesiastical History III.25 NT only
- Includes all but:
James
Jude
2 Peter
2 and 3 John |
|
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Term
What do you remember about the following canonical lists? (Remember Names and Dates and Unusual Contents):
Athanasius- |
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Definition
(ca. 367) Festal Letter 39 Both OT and NT
- First to include all 27 books of the NT in his canon
Enumerated them in a Easter letter to his Parishioners in 367 |
|
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Term
What do you remember about the following canonical lists? (Remember Names and Dates and Unusual Contents):
Jerome |
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Definition
(ca. 394, 391) Epistle 53. 8-9 NPNF2 6.101-2 OT and NT
- Matthew
- Mark
- Luke
- John
Paul writes to seven churches
Hebrews
- Timothy
- Titus
- Philemon
- The Acts of the Apostles
- James
- Peter
- John, and Jude seven epistles
- The apocalypse of John |
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