Term
| How many aids patients will get a candida infection? |
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Definition
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Term
| How deaths from hospital acquired infections does candida cause? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which are the two most common Candida species? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the forms of superficial candidiasis? |
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Definition
Thrush - white adherent growth on the mucous membranes of the mouth and throat
Vulvovaginal candidiasis - infection of the mucous membranes of the vagina, white growth, ulceration
Cutaneous candidiasis - occurs in chronically moist areas of the skin, and in burn patients |
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Term
| What predisposes someone to disseminated candidiasis? |
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Definition
Antibacterial therapy
Compromised immune capacity
AIDS
Mucosal disruption - catheters - biofilms can form
Diabetes mellitus - high mannoprotein - uses for cell wall |
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Term
| What are the overall steps of candida infection? |
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Definition
Adhesion to epithelium
Epithelial penetration and invasion by hyphae
Vascular dissemination
Endothelial colonization and penetration |
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Term
| What mediates the adherence and variable cell wall proteins of Candida? |
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Definition
| The ALS (agglutinin-like sequence) family of 8 genes |
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Term
| What is the benefit of a variable cell wall? |
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Definition
| Evade immune defences and colonize different sites |
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Term
| Which ALS genes mediate adherence to different substrates? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why would more tandem repeats in ALS genes mean more adherence? |
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Definition
| It is thought that it provides more N-terminal exporsure. It may also introduce antigenic diversity |
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Term
| What is the ALS orthologue in C.glabrate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What position are the EPA genes at and why is this important? |
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Definition
| Subtelomeric, this generates diversity by differential silencing between individual cells - highly heterogeneous expression of EPA |
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Term
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Definition
| Hyphal Wall Protein - GPI protein, substrate for epithelial cell transglutaminases, linking it to other epithelial surface proteins by mimicing host proteins - adherence to epithelial cells, and binds certain als's, mediating hypha-hypha adherence, aiding in biofilm formation |
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Term
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Definition
| After adherence, it switches to a hyphal form, transcription factors Sfl2 and Efg1 induce this |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein produces by a rival pathogen that inhibits hypha formation in albicans |
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Term
| What challenged the recent thought that hyphae are invasive and yeast disseminatng? |
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Definition
| Hypha-defective mutants can infect, non-infective mutatns can switch morphology |
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Term
| How is Candida thigomotropism mediated? |
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Definition
Contact with barrier - activates Mid1, a stretch activated Ca channel.
Ca2+ directs Cdc42 to plasma membrane
Cdc42 amplifies directional growth signal |
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Term
| What are the two methods of epithelial cell invasion? |
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Definition
Active hyphal penetraion using aspartyl proteanases, lipases and candidalysin
Induction of endocytosis by invasin-like proteins on the hypha surface - als3 binds to e-cadherin to stimulate clathrin dependent endocytosis, Ssa1 performs a similar action |
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Term
| Why are biofilms resistnat to antifungal drugs? |
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Definition
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