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| A client with thrombocytopenia is what kind of risk? |
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| A common complication of most chemotherapeutic agents |
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Definition
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| A common diagnostic test that can help determine the presence of a sarcoma |
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Definition
| Serum calcium - Sarcomas invade bone, thus increased calcium deposits in the blood may result. |
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| A complication of chemotherapy |
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Definition
| It also destroys normal cells |
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| A mixed-tissue kidney tumor usually found in children |
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Definition
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| A personal history of which two CIBDs put a client at high risk for colorectal cancer? |
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Definition
- Ulcerative colitis
- Crohn's disease |
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| A woman in her 30's is receiving tamoxifen for breast cancer treatment. What side effects should she be aware of? |
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Definition
| Those related to menopause. These side effects include amenorrhea, hot flashes, insomnia, and depression. |
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| Age at which women should start breast self-exams. |
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Definition
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| Age at which women should start getting ANNUAL mammograms |
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Definition
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| Age to start testing for colon cancer. |
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Definition
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| Ages at which annual PSA tests should begin |
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Definition
50+
45+ if African-American or if a family history of prostate cancer exists.
40+ if multiple first-degree relatives were affected at an early age. |
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Definition
| interfere with DNA synthesis |
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Definition
| Germ-cell tumors, liver cancer |
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| Among factors that help reduce the chance of cancer are diets that are ... |
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| An occult blood test may help in the detection of which type(s) of cancer? |
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| have little or no resemblance to cells from whith they developed |
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| Areas of the body that stem cells are usually taken from. |
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| Aside from management of pain and control of side-effects, what is a goal of nursing intervention during cancer treatment? |
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Definition
| maintenance of client weight |
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| At least 80% of cancers in the United States are due to __________________? |
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Definition
| , alcohol, diet, and environmental factors (ie, mustard gas, asbestos and benzene). |
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| Because of the effects of chemotherapy on bone marrow and the GI tract, what precaution may be needed. |
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Definition
| reverse (protective) isolation |
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Definition
| Ovarian, colorectal, and gastric cancers |
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• Change in bowel or bladder habits • A sore that does not heal • Unusual bleeding or discharge • Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere • Indigestion or difficulty swallowing • Obvious change in wart or mole • Nagging cough or hoarseness |
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| sudden weigh-loss and malnourishment. |
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| excessive growth (proliferation) of cells that lack the capabilities of normal cellular function. |
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Definition
| tumor cells that have not invaded surrounding sites |
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| Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA): |
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Definition
| Breast, colorectal, and lung cancers |
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Definition
| the transformation of a normal cell into a malignant cell |
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Definition
| agents that cause damage to cellular DNA that leads to the development of cancer |
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| Characteristics of a benign neoplasm |
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Definition
• Slow growth
• Encapsulated (contained within a fibrous cover)
• Composed of differentiated cells (resemble the cells of the tissue from which they develop)
• Lack metastasis (invasion of other tissues in the body) |
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| Characteristics of a malignant neoplasm |
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Definition
• Rapid growth
• Non-encapsulated
•Infiltrating and invading other tissues
• Anaplastic
• Commonly metastasized |
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| Chemotherapeutic agents are designed to be effective when? |
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Definition
| during one or more of the phases of cell division. |
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Definition
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| Common colorectal cancer risk factors |
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Definition
• A personal history of chronic inflammatory bowel disease
• A family history of a hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome (familial adenomatous polyposis or hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer) |
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| Complications from surgery - nursing interventions for side effects (ie, stomatitis) |
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Definition
- avoid alcohol
- avoid foods that cause irritation, including citrus
- use soft toothbrush
- rinse mouth thoroughly |
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Definition
| malignant tissue is frozen |
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| Cystic tumors of the ovaries and polypoid tumors from the colon may be removed as a type of ________ measure. |
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Definition
| prophylactic (preventative) |
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| Describes the act of cancer traveling to a new site. |
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Definition
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| Diet considerations for those on chemotherapy |
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Definition
- High-protein, high-calorie meals
- several small meals throughout the day
- nutritional supplements |
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| Dietary consideration for reduction of cancer risk |
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Definition
| low fat, high fiber, low sodium |
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Term
| Do a PSA before doing a ____________ |
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Definition
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| Drugs that interfere with the formation of blood vessels that grow to feed the cancer cells. |
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Definition
| Antiangiogenic drugs (eg, endostatin, angiostatin) |
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| Education of the client receiving radiation or chemotherapy: basic principle |
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Definition
| avoid anything that may lead to injury |
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Definition
| malignant tissue is burned |
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Definition
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| treatment machine is placed away from the body. |
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| Food that helps build up WBCs |
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Definition
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| Grade of tumors that closely resemble normal cells |
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Definition
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| a system of looking at abnormal cells under a microscope to determine the cells' degree of dedifferentiation or lack of maturity |
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| How can benign tumors be dangerous? |
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Definition
| Their presence pushes against organs, disrupting their function. |
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| How many consecutive normal PAP tests would allow a client to reduce testing frequency to every 2 to 3 years? |
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Definition
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| IV push, blocks receptors at nerve endings in the brain and GI tract. |
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Definition
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| Instruments used for visual observation of internal organs |
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Definition
| sigmoidoscope, colonoscope, gastroscope, bronchoscope, and laryngoscope |
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| Largest size of a T1 tumor |
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Definition
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| Measures for providing comfort for the client receiving radiation therapy. |
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Definition
- include calories, protein and vitamins (especially vitamin C)
- all fruits and vegetables must be peeled to reduce intake of germs.
- keep radiation site dry and free from irritation. Loose clothing advised.
- plain, tepid water. No scrubbing
- protect from sun |
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Definition
| How much has the tumor spread? |
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Term
| Monoclonal antibodies (MOAB, MoAb) |
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Definition
| Highly specific antibodies that seek out and bind to specific targets on cancer cells, causing apoptosis. Produced by genetically fusing cancer cells with normal cells. |
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Definition
| How many nodes does the tumor have? |
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| Nursing awareness regarding interleukins |
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Definition
| possible hypotension, edema (incl. pulmonary edema), dyspnea, and tachycardia. |
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| Nursing consideration (personal) when working with a client undergoing implanted radiation therapy |
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Definition
| Do not stay with client longer than necessary. |
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| Nursing intervention for fatigue effect of treatment |
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Definition
| planned activities, including rest periods |
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| Of the three types of rays involved in radiation dx and therapy, which penetrates deeply into body tissues? |
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Definition
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Definition
| Prostate-specific antigen |
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Definition
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| Place where cancer starts |
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Definition
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| Radiation or chemotherapy clients should not receive suppositories? Why? |
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Definition
| clients to avoid all activities that could injure cutaneous or mucous tissues |
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| Recommended as an alternative to commercial mouthwash |
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Definition
| • 1 teaspoon salt • ½ teaspoon baking soda • 500 milliliters water (1 cup) |
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| Recommended frequency of colonoscopy exams |
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Definition
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| Removal of part of a tumor for evaluation |
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Definition
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| Scheduling of pain control medications |
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Definition
"Around the clock" - aimed at prevention of pain.
be prepared to treat breakthrough pain |
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| Signs and symptoms of cancer |
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Definition
• General, unexplained feelings of discomfort
• Prickling, tingling, tightness, soreness that does not go away
• Weakness
• Unexplained loss of weight
• Abnormal findings on breast self-examination (BSE) or testicular self-examination (TSE) |
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| Special care in cleaning up chemotherapy spills |
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Definition
• use gloves
• special container needed for disposal |
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Definition
| inflammation of the mouth |
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Definition
| Tumor, node and metastasis |
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| TRUE OR FALSE: A gene is the code for one DNA molecule. |
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Definition
| FALSE - A gene is a segment of a DNA molecule |
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| TRUE OR FALSE: Chromosomes are made of DNA and protein |
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Definition
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| TRUE OR FALSE: In any human cell, most of the genes are always active. |
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Definition
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| TRUE OR FALSE: Messenger RNA carries the genetic code to the cell membrane |
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Definition
| FALSE - It carries the code to the ribosome |
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| TRUE OR FALSE: Mitosis is necessary only for growth of the body. |
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Definition
| FALSE - it is also necessary for the healing process. |
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| TRUE OR FALSE: Mutations are how cells become malignant. |
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Definition
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| TRUE OR FALSE: The process of mitosis produces two identical cells with 23 chromosomes each. |
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Definition
| FALSE - 23 PAIRS of chromosomes each |
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| TRUE OR FALSE: Transfer RNA brings amino acids to the proper sites on the DNA |
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Definition
| FALSE - it brings amino acids to the ribosome |
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Term
| Teratomas, commonly found in the ovaries or testies, are of what type? |
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Definition
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| Test designed to detect cervical cancer |
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Definition
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| The best time to have a mammogram done. |
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Definition
| Two weeks after a period. |
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Term
| The body uses its own defenses against tumor cells |
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Definition
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| The chromosome number for a human cell |
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Definition
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| The following conditions will likely be reason for the need for emotional support. |
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Definition
- Hair loss in women
- enlarged breasts in men
- general feelings of despair or discouragement.
- decreased sexual interest
- |
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| The largest group of cancer (tissue) types |
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Definition
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| The major cause of adult deaths in the US |
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Definition
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| The mechanism of chemotherapy |
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Definition
| Damage the DNA within these abnormal cells and cause self-destruction (apoptosis). |
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Definition
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| These solid tumors develop from epithelial tissues that line skin, glands, gastrointestinal (GI), urinary, and reproductive organs. |
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Definition
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| These tumors develop from connective tissues, such as cartilage, bone, fat, muscle, bone marrow, and the lymphatic system. |
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Definition
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Term
| They promote the immune response of the T lymphocytes |
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Definition
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| They protect normal cells from invasion by intracellular parasites, including viruses |
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Definition
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| Three general categories of cancer |
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Definition
| carcinomas, sarcomas, and mixed tissue types |
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| Three places stem cells can be found |
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Definition
- bone marrow
- peripheral blood
- in umbilical cord blood |
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| Three surgical procedures used to prevent growth and spread of cancer |
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Definition
Cryosurgery
Electrocauterization
Fulgeration |
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Definition
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| Tumor cells that closely resemble normal cells |
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Definition
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| Tumor marker for breast, colorectal, and lung cancers |
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Definition
| Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) |
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| Tumor marker for germ-cell tumors, liver cancer |
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Definition
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| Tumor marker for ovarian, colorectal, and gastric cancers |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| specific enzymes, cancer antigens, oncofetal proteins, hormones, or genes that can indicate malignancies. |
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| Two possible types of tumors |
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Definition
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Term
| Type AND frequency of enema done to test for colon and/or rectal cancer |
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Definition
| double-contrast barium enema - every five years |
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Term
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Definition
Carcinomas
Sarcomas
Mixed tissues |
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| Under what conditions could a woman stop having PAP tests? |
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Definition
| If she has had a total hysterectomy AND it wasn't done as a cancer treatment. |
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Term
| Unusual bleeding or spotting after menopause is a sign of what? |
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Definition
| Endometrial (uterine) cancer |
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| Used to determine if the cancer has spread |
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Definition
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Term
| What are tumors or neoplasms? |
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Definition
| Growths that arise from normal tissue. |
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Term
| What can be applied to areas in the mouth affected by stomatitis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What dietary adjustment should be the focus for cancer treatment? |
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Definition
| Reduction in intake of fats and calories |
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Term
| What do sealed mold internal radiation devices need (from nurses)? |
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Definition
| protective protocols for nursing care. |
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Term
| What is the confirming test to be done if a colon screening test results positive? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the main charactristic of cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What makes cancer cells dangerous? |
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Definition
| They invade normal tissue. |
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Term
| What makes cancer cells different from normal cells? |
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Definition
| They lack the capabilities of normal cell function. |
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Term
| What should the nurse watch for during administration of monoclonial antibody treatment? |
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Definition
| severe anaphylactic reactions |
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Term
| When is a client considered cured of a disease? |
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Definition
| after 5 years total remission |
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Term
| When should cervical cancer screening begin? |
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Definition
| Age 21 or 3 years after beginning vaginal intercourse. |
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Term
| Which cancer treatment drug causes hot flashes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cancer treatment drug makes urine red and causes hair loss |
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Definition
| doxorubicin HCl (Adriamycin) |
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Term
| Which ethnic group is at highest risk for prostate cancer |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do chemotherapy and radiation therapy result in hair loss? |
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Definition
| all rapid-growing cells are affected. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| a swish-and-swallow solution that often contains a mixture of diphenhydramine (Benadryl), viscous Xylocaine, and antacid is used. The nurse advises the client to swallow only small amounts. Why? |
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Definition
| The mixture will anesthetize the throat and may cause difficulty in swallowing, talking, or even breathing. |
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Term
| a system of looking at abnormal cells under a microscope to determine the cells' degree of dedifferentiation, or lack of maturity |
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Definition
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Term
| agents that cause damage to cellular DNA that leads to the development of cancer |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| removal of peripheral blood through a large vein of blood that is then sent via tubing through special collection filters in a machine |
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Term
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Definition
| The body uses its own defenses against tumor cells |
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Term
| blood condition that places patient at risk of infection |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| can be used to excise precise areas of tumors such as on the glottis |
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Definition
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Term
| can improve the client's immune response to cancer and interfere with the growth of cancer cells. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
dietary recommendation in response to stomatitis:
A) a clear, full-liquid diet
B) a soft, bland, tepid diet
C) a high-protein diet.
D) TPN |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| malignant tissue is destroyed by high-frequency current. |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| highly specific antibodies that seek out and bind to specific targets on cancer cells, causing apoptosis. |
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Definition
| Monoclonal antibodies (MOAB, MoAb) |
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Term
| include the hydrocarbons found in cigarettes, cigars, and pipe smoke |
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Definition
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Term
| indicated by an absence of all signs of a disease |
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Definition
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Term
| inflammation of the mouth |
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Definition
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Term
| inflammation of the mucous membranes, such as in the mouth and throat |
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Definition
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Term
| made by lymphocytes, enhance the effects of the immune system |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Secondary sites or secondary lesions |
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Term
| mutation of a cell occurs at the ______ level |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| nursing diagnoses for nausea and vomiting |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| produced by genetically fusing cancer cells with normal cells |
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Definition
| Monoclonal antibodies (MOAB, MoAb) |
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Term
| radioactive implants deliver ionizing radiation from within the tumor or a body cavity |
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Definition
| internal brachytherapy, interstitial irradiation, intracavity irradiation |
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Term
| removal of peripheral blood through a large vein of blood that is then sent via tubing through special collection filters in a machine |
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Definition
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Term
| remove the tumor as well as some of the margin of the tumor |
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Definition
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Term
| side effects of interferon use |
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Definition
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Term
| signs of internal bleeding |
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Definition
• vomitus may be appear bright red (fresh) or like coffee grounds (old).
• stools may look black and tarry |
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Term
| special consideration when using monoclonal antibodies |
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Definition
| acute anaphylactic reaction |
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Term
| specific enzymes, cancer antigens, oncofetal proteins, hormones, or genes that can indicate malignancies. |
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Definition
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Term
| sudden weight-loss and malnourishment. |
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Definition
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Term
| surgery or procedure intended to relieve complications, not to cure |
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Definition
|
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Term
| system of looking at abnormal cells under a microscope to determine the cells' degree of dedifferentiation, or lack of maturity |
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Definition
|
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Term
| term to describe substances that poison cells |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the leading cause of cancer death for both men and women |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the most important means of diagnosing cancer. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the second leading cause of death by cancer in men. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the transformation of a normal cell into a malignant cell |
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Definition
|
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Term
| therapeutic indications for chemotherapy |
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Definition
• To treat widespread or metastatic disease
• To provide a cure for clients with certain types of cancer
• To temporarily control or palliate (relieve) tumor-related difficulties
• To use as an adjuvant (assistive) therapy |
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Term
| third most common malignancy and cancer death site for men and women |
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Definition
|
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Term
| treatment machine is placed away from the body. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| tumor cells that have not invaded surrounding sites |
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Definition
|
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Term
| tumors that are very anaplastic, often having little or no resemblance to the tissue cells from which they developed |
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Definition
|
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Term
| use of drugs to combat cancer |
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Definition
|
|
