Term
| what are the three categories for cancer? (also, tell where are they found in body) |
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Definition
- carcinomas: skin, organs, glands
- Leukemias & lymphomas: bone marrow cells
- sarcromas: bone, fat, cartilage
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Term
| what are the six changes for cancer (found in most, if not, all, cancers)? |
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Definition
- self-sufficiency in growth signals
- insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals
- evasion of apoptosis
- limitless replicative capacity
- sustained angiogenesis:
- red blood cells
- ability cells to cause blood vessel around into tumor .... which tumor breaks
- tissue invasion and metastasis
- transplant into different tissue or system.
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Term
| How can malignant transformation be induced? |
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Definition
- chemical substances
- physical agents
- ionizing radiation
- certain infectious agents
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Term
| which cells have paved the way scientists to understand cancer induction? |
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Definition
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Term
| which genes are in normal cells? (for cancer) |
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Definition
| proto-oncogenes are found in normal cells |
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Term
| what does proto-oncogenes lead to? |
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Definition
| it may lead to cancer if altered to lose control of expression |
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Term
| How can alterations happen for proto-oncogenes? |
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Definition
- actions of transforming viruses
- exposure to carcinogens
- genetic predispositions
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Term
| List Human Cancers with Viral Pathogenenicity: |
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Definition
- Adult T cell Leukemia/Lymphoma
- Kaposi Sarcoma
- Cervical Cancer
- Liver Carcinoma
- Burkitts Lumphoma (Africa)
- Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
- Human T cell Leukemia Virus (HTLV-1)
- Human Herpes Virus 8 (HHV-8)
- Human Papillomavirus (HPB)
- Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
- Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
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Term
| who enhance cell survival when their control mechanisms fail? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which genes allow cancer cell survival when they fail? |
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Definition
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Term
| which gene problems can lead to abnormal cell survival? |
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Definition
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Term
| which virus integrates into c-myc gene, transforming B cells into lymphomas? |
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Definition
| Avian leukosis virus (ALV) |
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Term
| which virus linked to cervical cancer? |
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Definition
| human papillmovirus (HPV) |
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Term
| which cancer is an excellent example of Malignant transformation? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are questions that are asked to determine the immune system tumors? |
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Definition
- solid or systemic?
- acute or chronic?
- immature or mature cells?
- myelocytic or lymphocytic?
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Term
| What is Tumor-specific antigens (TSTA)? |
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Definition
found only on tumors chemical or physical carcinogens some viruses (e.g: ATLL, HPV)
-Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma
-Human Papilloma Virus (types 16 & 18)
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Term
| What is Tumor-associated antigens (TAA)? |
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Definition
| may be gene products that normally are not expressed (or at the abnormal levels seen in cancer) |
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Term
| What does TSTA stand for? |
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Definition
| Tumor specific transplantation |
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Term
| what are Tumor-associated antigens (TAA's)? |
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Definition
| Normal cellular proteins with unique expression patterns |
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Term
| Are TAAS unique to cancer itself? |
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Definition
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Term
| list a sentence for Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP): |
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Definition
| milligram levels in fetuses drop to 5-50 ng/mL after birth |
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Term
| list a sentence for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA): |
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Definition
| Found in GI/liver cells of 2-to-6-month old fetuses |
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Term
| which proteins that most of the time not unique to tumors? |
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Definition
| most tumor antigens are not unique to tumors and often these are FETAL proteins! (ex: growth factor receptors) |
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Term
| which proteins are as tumor antigens? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does anti-tumor antibody block? |
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Definition
| Anti-tumor antibody can block T cell responses (enhance tumor growth) |
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Term
| list and desribe the four loosely organized categories which drug therapies fall into: |
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Definition
- Chemotherapies: aimed at blocking DNA synthesis and cell division
- Hormonal therapies: which interfere with tumor-cell growth
- Targeted therapies: such as small molecule inhibitors of cancer
- Immunotherapies: which induce or enhance the anti-tumor immune response
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Term
| Describe the early years of cancer (tumor cells and antibodies): |
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Definition
- extremely unsuccessful
- Ab against tumor surface Ag enhanced tumor growth
- Ab actually blocked cell-mediated lympholysis in vitro
- Ab bind to and block tumor-Ag from CTL
- referred to as = "Blocking Factors"
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