Term
| What are 4 of the most common cancer therapies? |
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Definition
1) Surgery
2) Chemotherapy
3) Radiation
4) Immunotherapy |
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Term
| What does a "To" category imply for a tumor? |
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Definition
| 1) No evidence of primary tumor |
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Term
| What does a "Tis" category imply for a tumor? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does a "T1-4" category imply for a tumor? |
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Definition
| 1) Defined by increase in size of tumor and/or local extension |
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Term
| What does a "Tx" category imply for a tumor? |
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Definition
| 1) Primary tumor can not be assessed |
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Term
| What does a "No" category imply for a node? |
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Definition
| 1) No lymph node metastasis |
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Term
| What does a "N1-N3" category imply for a node? |
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Definition
| 1) Increased number or extent of regional lymph node involvement |
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Term
| What does a "Nx" category imply for a node? |
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Definition
| 1) Regional lymph involvement can't be assessed |
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Term
| What does a "Mo" category imply for a metastasis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does a "M1" category imply for metastasis? |
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Definition
| 1) Distant metastases evident |
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Term
| What is often the first option in treating cancer? Why? |
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Definition
1) Surgery
2) If cancer is localized no further treatment needed |
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Term
| What is conventional surgery? |
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Definition
| 1) First line surgery if not at critical site |
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Term
| What is video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS)? |
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Definition
1) Enables doctors to view inside of the body cavity: through small incisions, surgeons remove masses close to outside edges of lung; tests for cancer
2) Accurately stages cancer |
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Term
| What is the function of the cyberknife? |
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Definition
1) Treats hard-to-reach tumors: lung, liver, pancreas, prostate, head and neck, and spine
2) Aims high-dose radiation with pinpoint accuracy
3) Painless and non0invasive |
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Term
| What is adjuvant therapy? |
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Definition
| 1) Use if tumor can't be removed to reduce mass |
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Term
| What are the positive consequences of adjuvant therapy? |
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Definition
1) Relief of pressure on vital organs
2) Comfort by removing an associated symptom
3) Effective for end of days |
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Term
| What therapies does adjuvant therapy utilize? |
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Definition
1) Immunotherapy
2) Chemotherpay
3) Radiotherapy |
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Term
| What makes cancer cells vulnerable? |
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Definition
| 1) Poorly regulated growth which makes them vulnerable to metabolic damage and less capable of complete repair (allows weakness to be taken advantage of |
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Term
| How does chemotherapy effect alkylating agents? |
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Definition
| 1) Disrupts and inactivates DNA |
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Term
| How does chemotherapy effect NA base analogues? |
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Definition
1) Prevents cytidylic to deoxycytidylic acid so no pyrimidine incorporation
2) Incorporates into grown DNA chain terminating DNA synthesis |
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Term
| How does chemotherapy effect DNA enzyme antagonists? |
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Definition
| 1) Directly interferes with polymerase and DNA synthesis (S-phase) |
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Term
| How does chemotherapy effect antibiotics? |
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Definition
| 1) Intercalation with DNA; inhibits DNA replication transcription and translation, inducing mitotic catastrophe |
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Term
| How does chemotherapy effect enzymes? |
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Definition
| 1) Hydroxylates L-asparagine (EAA needed by leukocyte blasts in ALL) preventing leukemic cell blast prliferation |
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Term
| How does chemotherapy effect anti-hormones |
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Definition
| 1) Binds receptors (AR ER), arresting hormone-dependent tumor cell proliferation |
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Term
| How does chemotherapy effect mitotic arrest? |
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Definition
| 1) Affects microtubule structure and spindle formation. Interferes with dynamic instability of mitotic spindle leading to cell cycle arrest |
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Term
| What are the 3 steps associated with chemotherapy and mitotic catastrophe? |
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Definition
1) Low doses of doxorubicin on Huh7 human hepatoma cells
2) Cancer cells lack key G2/M checkpoint controls; advance into mitosis without repairing chromosomal damage
3) Nuclei eventually fragment into micornuclei containing a small number of chromosomes causing mitotic catastrophe leading to cell death |
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Term
| What is the MDR gene? What is its purpose? What occurs if it is turned off? |
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Definition
1) Gene encodes P-glycoprotein within perimeter of tumor cell; stops drugs from reaching their target
2) Turning gene off can prevent drug resistance to certain tumor cells |
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Term
| What is conventional radiation? What do the methods induce? |
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Definition
1) When x-rays and gamma rays are used as ionizing and penetrating with transient damage to normal tissue; results in the formation of free radicals (creates DNA damage)
2) Methods induce isotope implants with reduced effects in hypoxic cells (which are more sensitive to 43-45C) |
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Term
| What is the purpose of electron-affinic compounds toward hypoxic cells? |
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Definition
1) Compounds are taken up easily and rapidly by hypoxic cells
2) Electron-affinic compounds mimic radio-sensitizing effects of oxygen producing free-radical damage
3) Diffuse further into tumor, radiosensitizing tough hypoxic cells
4) No effect on metastases |
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Term
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Definition
| 1) The monitoring, repair, and construction and control of human biological systems at the molecular level using engineered nanodevices and structures. |
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Term
| What are 2 photodynamic therapy non-ionizing mechanisms? |
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Definition
1) Photosensitizing drugs
2) Lazer lights |
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Term
| How are photosensitizing drugs administered? How are they recepted? |
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Definition
1) Administered through skin or IV to specific area
2) Taken up by cancer cells |
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Term
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Definition
| 1) A UV or IR wavelength that can activate a drug to form chemicals that kill cancer cells |
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Term
| What is a negative consequence of PD? |
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Definition
| 1) Can lead to accumulation of breakdown products such as hematoprphyrin poisoning the cell |
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Term
| What are tumor-specific transplantation antigens (TSAs)? |
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Definition
| 1) Proteins formed by neoplastic cells as a result of mutations; they are phenotypically expressed |
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Term
| What is often included with TSAs? |
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Definition
1) Truncated erb B species of EGF receptor; HER-2/neu
2) Expression of fetal antigens such as CEA, AFP
3) Glycosylated proteins which can be uncovered when cancer cell membrane disorganizes during division |
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Term
| What is the process in which Tc cells and MHC I are involved in cancer cell destruction? |
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Definition
1) Tc cells recognize cancer cell as non-self due to MHC I display of altered or unique antigens on transformed cell surface
2) Tc cells (with NKC) chemically attack cancer cell breaking down its PM
3) Cancer cell is destroyed leaving a collapsed fibrous cytoskeleton (apoptosis) |
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Term
| What is the process in which MHC II is involved in cancer cell destruction? |
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Definition
1) When TSAs are released by dead or dying cancer cells, they are endocytosed by macrophages and B-cells
2) Cells present fragments via MHC II to CD4 Th cells
3) Flag to B-cells; activated plasma cells produce antibody cascade
*CD4-MHC II induced immune surveillance muted in cancer cells |
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Term
| What is the design of new cancer treatments? |
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Definition
| 1) Antibody to tumor-specific antigen tagged with toxin, radionucleotide or drug |
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Term
| What is the purpose of diagnostic tests? |
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Definition
| 1) Determine oncogenes that are either over-expressed or mutated |
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Term
| What growth factor is over expressed in metastatic breast cancer patients and by what percentage? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the role of the p27 protein? |
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Definition
| 1) Acts as a TSG guard, inhibiting CDK-cycling D1 and proliferation |
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Term
| How do tumors often reduce cellular p27 protein? |
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Definition
| 1) Through ubiquitination which maintains proliferative activity |
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Term
| What negative consequence occurs with the inhibition of p27? |
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Definition
| 1) Leads to tumor cell arrest and cell death |
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Term
| Which cancers do Ras mutations often affect? What is their role? |
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Definition
1) Ras mutations can be found in 30% of pancreatic, colonic, and lung cancers
2) Interrupt tumor growth |
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Term
| What is the role of CDK-cyclin inhibitors? |
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Definition
| 1) Directly inhibit G1/S-CDK |
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Term
| What are the roles of the EIA anti-cancer gene? Where is it derived from? |
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Definition
1) Encodes a transcriptional factor that turns off HER-2/neu oncogene expression and inhibits tumor cell proliferation
2) Help to stimulate both nonspecific and T-cell mediated immune responses
3) Makes tumor cells more susceptible to chemotherapy/apoptosis and enhances TNF sensitivity
4)Derived from adenovirus |
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Term
| Melastatin is often correlated with what? |
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Definition
| 1) Outcome of metastatic B16 melanoma in animals |
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Term
| Where can a high level of melastatin often be found? |
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Definition
| 1) Within benign melanomic lesions |
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Term
| Gene-based options have been explored to diagnose and treat what conditions? |
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Definition
1) Defective retinoblastoma genes
2) Head and neck squamous carcinoma
3) Breast cancer
4) Osteosarcoma
5) Soft tissue carcinoma
6) Small-cell lung cancer
7) Esophageal cancer |
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