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| cell growth that causes tissue to increase in size by enlarging each cells tissue |
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| growth that causes tissue to increase in size by increasing the number of cells. |
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| any new or continued cell growth not needed for normal development or replacement of dead and damaged tissues |
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Localized growths respond to body’homeostatic controls Encapsulated Stop growing when they meet a boundary of another tissue Can be destructive Slow growing May be moveable Usually painless
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| •1.Have aggressive growth, rapid cell division outside the normal cell cycle •2. Not under body’s homeostatic controls •3. Cut through surrounding tissues causing bleeding, inflammation, necrosis (death) of tissue •4. Generally not movable •5. Usually painless |
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| •1. Primary tumor: the original site of the malignancy •2. Secondary tumor (sites): areas where malignancy has spread i.e. metastasis (metastatic tumor) •3. Common sites of metastasis are lymph nodes, liver, lungs, bones, brain •4. 50 – 60 % of tumors have metastasized by time primary tumor identified |
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| A mutation in cell genetic structure an error that occurs during DNA replication or exposure to a carcinogen altered cell develops into CLONE of neoplastic cells |
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| •reversible proliferation of altered cells (this is key in prevention because you can change promoting factors (could last 1-40 years – latent period for disease to become clinically evident it must reach a critical mass (1cm) tumor containing 1billion cells that you can palpate or see on scan ( eg breast tumors take generally 8 years to grow to 1cm) |
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| •final stage = increased growth and invasiveness by the tumor. The tumor can pretty much survive and thrive in its environment while depleting the body of its nutrients causing the body to become weaker |
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| 7 Warning Signs of Cancer |
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| Change in bowel or bladder habits A sore that does not heal Unusual bleeding or discharge Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing Obvious change in wart or mole Nagging cough or |
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| Tumor markers: specific proteins which indicate malignancy •a. PSA (Prostatic-specific antigen): prostate cancer •b. CEA (Carcinoembryonic antigen): colon cancer •c. Alkaline Phosphatase: bone metastasis |
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| •Grading (site & analysis) •Appearance of cells and the degree of differentiation are evaluated: •T -- tumor size •N – node involvement •M – metastasis ØGrade 1 ØGrade II ØGrade III ØGrade IV |
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| •Staging (extent of disease) •Determines the extent of the disease (spread) üStage 0 üStage l üStage II üStage III üStage IV |
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| General Disease-Related Consequences of Cancer |
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| •Impaired immune and hematopoietic function •Altered gastrointestinal structure and function •Motor and sensory deficits •Decreased respiratory function |
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| •Major role in cancer therapy •Used to cure and increase survival time •Some selectivity for killing cancer cells over normal cells •Normal cells affected: the skin, hair, intestinal tissues, spermatocytes, and blood-forming cells |
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| Classes of Chemotherapy Drugs |
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Definition
| Antimetabolites (cell-cycle specific) 1. Action: Interfere with synthesis of DNA at a particular stage in cell cycle •2. Examples: Methotrexate; 5 fluorouracil •3. Toxic Effects: nausea, vomiting, stomatitis, diarrhea, alopecia, leukopenia |
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| Classes of Chemotherapy Drugs |
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| Alkylating agents (cell cycle non-specific) •1. Action: create defects in tumor DNA •2. Examples: Nitrogen Mustard, Cisplatin |
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| Classes of Chemotherapy Drugs |
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| Antitumor Antibiotics (non- specific) •1. Action: interfere with DNA •2. Examples: Actinomycin D, Bleomycin •3. Toxic Effect: damage to cardiac muscle |
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| Plant Alkaloids (Miotic Inhibitors) cell cycle specific |
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| •Action: Prevent cell division • Examples: Vincristine, Vinblastine • Toxic Effects: affects neurotransmission, alopecia, bone marrow depression |
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| Hormone Therapy (Non-specific) |
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| •Action: block hormones on hormone-binding tumors (breast, prostate, endometrium; cause tumor regression –Decreasing the amount of hormones can decrease the cancer growth rate –Does not cure, but increases survival rate –Hormone Antagonists • Examples: Tamoxifen (breast); Flutamide (prostate) estrogen, progesterone • Toxic Effects: altered secondary sex characteristics
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| •experimental •May insert gene into the tumor cells to make them more susceptible to being killed by antiviral agents •May insert genes for cytokines that increase their effectiveness in killing cancer cells |
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| Angiogenesis inhibitor drugs |
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Definition
| prevent new blood vessels from forming and delivering blood to the tissue |
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| Inflammation and ulceration of mucous membranes and entire GI tract –Rinse mouth with ½ normal saline and ½ peroxide every 12 hours –Topical analgesic medication –Avoid mouthwashes with alcohol –Avoid spicy or hard food –Watch nutritional status |
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| Constipating food •white bread •white rice or noodles •creamed cereals •ripe bananas •canned or cooked fruit without skins •cottage cheese •yogurt without seeds •eggs •mashed or baked potatoes without the skin •pureed vegetables, chicken, or turkey without the skin |
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| –Decreased number of RBC •Leads to hypoxia, fatigue •Hgb 9.5-10 gm/dl require oral iron supplements •Hgb below 8 gm/dl require transfusion •May use Epogen to stimulate RBC production |
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| Radiation Therapy for Cancer |
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Definition
| •Destroy cancer cells with minimal exposure of the normal cells to the damaging actions of radiation –exposure –dose •Teletherapy - beam •Brachytherapy - internal |
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| Side Effects of Radiation Therapy |
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Definition
| •Vary according to the site •Local skin changes and hair loss that will likely be permanent depending on the total absorbed dose •Altered taste sensations •Fatigue related to increased energy demands •Inflammatory responses that cause tissue fibrosis and scarring |
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| •Brachytherapy –Internal radiation therapy –Cesium implants ‘seeds’ –Controlled release |
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