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Definition
| normal cells do not grow on non-solid surfaces. They need something solid to adhere to. |
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Definition
| insoluble mesh-work of protein and polysaccharide fibers that fills the space between neighboring cells. necessary for reproduction of normal cells. |
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Definition
| individual cell populations each derived from the proliferation of a single cell. |
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Definition
| an enzyme that prevents excessive telomere shortening by adding new copies of the telomeric repeat sequence to the ends of existing DNA molecules. |
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Term
| platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) |
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Definition
| protein produced by blood platelets that stimulates the proliferation of connective tissue cells and smooth muscle cells. |
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Definition
| growth factors bind to these proteins that live on the plasma membrane. |
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Definition
| first phase. varies in length. |
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Definition
| just after S phase. the final preparations are made for cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| four phases of of cell division-G1, S, G2, M phase. |
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Definition
| the division of the nucleus- after G2 phase. |
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Definition
| G1, S and G2 phases together. provides time needed for cell to make copies of its DNA and for cell growth. |
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Term
| cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) |
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Definition
| proteins that control the passage through restriction points and other key points in cell cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
| attachment of a phosphate group to target proteins. Can act as an inhibitor or activator. |
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Definition
| an enzyme that removes the inhibiting phosphate groups from the inactive mitotic Cdk-cyclin complex. |
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Term
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Definition
| these pathways prevent cells from proceeding from one phase to the next before the preceding phase has been properly completed.Will halt cell cycle at certain points if conditions are not suitable for continuing. |
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Term
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Definition
| acts between metaphase and anaphase. makes certain the chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle. If not, the cell cycle halts until the process is completed |
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Term
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Definition
| in the presence of damaged DNA this protein accumulates and triggers the cell cycle to stop until the damage is repaired. It can also trigger apoptosis if damage is irreparable. |
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Definition
| the small fragments of a cell once it breaks apart during apoptosis. they are swallowed up by phagocytes. |
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Term
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Definition
| any change in DNA base sequence. |
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Term
| complementary base pairing |
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Definition
| each of the four DNA nucleotides have a mate of sorts. adenine with thymine, and guanine with cytosine. bonded by hydrogen bond. |
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Term
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Definition
| when adjacent pyrimidine bases (C and T) are triggered by UV radiation to form covalent bonds with each other. |
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Definition
| the synthesis of new DNA across regions in which the DNA template strand is damaged. |
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Term
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Definition
| the detection and correction of abnormally paired bases in DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| fixes double-strand breaks by exploiting the fact that cells generally possess two copies of each chromosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| cells with two copies of each type of chromosome- usually derived from each parent. |
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Definition
| chromosomal abnormality associated with cancer. has an oddly shaped chromosome present in the cancer cells of 90% of all individuals with chronic myelogenous leukemia. |
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Term
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Definition
| provokes an immune response. Must be able to recognize substances as foreign.the more the molecule is foreign, the greater the intensity of the attack of the immune system. |
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Term
| major histocompatibility complex (MHC) |
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Definition
| Bind to fragments of antigens once the antigens are degraded in the macrophage or dendritic cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of lymphocytes that produces antibodies. |
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Term
| cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) |
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Definition
| lymphocyte that binds to cells exhibiting foreign antigens on their surface and kill the targeted cells by causing them to burst. |
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Term
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Definition
| carbohydrate-binding protein possessing two or more carbohydrate-binding sites, which means that one lectin molecule can link two cells together by binding to carb groups on surface of each cell. these can link isolated cells in suspension to from clumps. |
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