Term
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Definition
| Resist apoptosis, Angiogenesis, Replicative Immortality, Metastasis/Invasion, Evade Growth Suppressors, Sustain Proliferative Signaling |
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Term
| Lifetime Risk of Cancer in Men |
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Definition
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Term
| Lifetime Risk of Cancer in Women |
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Definition
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Term
| Yearly Cancer Deaths in US |
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Definition
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Term
| New worldwide cases of cancer |
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Definition
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Term
| Most Common Cancers to cause death in Men (5) |
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Definition
| Lung, Prostate, Colon, Pancreas and Liver |
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Term
| Most common cancers to cause death in women (5) |
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Definition
| Lung, Breast, Colon, Pancreas, and Ovary |
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Term
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Definition
| Malignancy of epithelial cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Cancer arising from precursors of circulation blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Cancer in cells of the immune system |
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Term
|
Definition
| Development of cancer from a single cell |
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Term
| What percent of cancers occur in people 50 and over? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| How many cases of skin cancer/yr? |
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Definition
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Term
| Tobacco use causes what percent of lung cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| Obesity is a risk factor for what cancers? |
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Definition
| Breast, liver and colon cancers |
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Term
| What did a landmark study on mice tell us about cancer? |
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Definition
| The same type of cancer acts differently on different strains of mice |
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Term
| New directions of cancer research? (3) |
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Definition
| Stem cell research, microRNAs, and epigenetics |
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Term
|
Definition
| Study of the environments effect on genetics/gene expression |
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Term
| Associated Cancer(s) with HPV |
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Definition
| Cervical Cancer (Oropharangeal carcinoma and other genital tumors) |
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Term
| Associated Cancer(s) with HBV |
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Definition
| Liver Cancer (Hepatocellular carcinoma) |
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Term
| Associated Cancer(s) with HCV |
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Definition
| Liver Cancer (Hepatocellular carcinoma) |
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Term
| Associated Cancer(s) with EBV |
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Definition
| Burkitt lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, Nasopharangeal carcinoma |
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Term
| Associated Cancer(s) with KSHV |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Associated Cancer(s) with HTLV1 |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Associated Cancer(s) with SV40 |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Three ways to classify cancer drugs |
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Definition
| 1. Chemical structure/resource 2. Biomechanical mechanisms of anticancer action 3. Cycle or phase specificity |
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Term
| An alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antibiotics and hormones are an example of what kind of classification of drug? |
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Definition
| Chemical structure/resource |
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Term
| Drugs that influence hormone homeostasis or directly influence the structure/function of DNA are what kind of classification of drug? |
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Definition
| Biomechanical mechanisms of anticancer action |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cell cycle nonspecific agent |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cell cycle specific agent |
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|
Term
| CCNSA and CCSA are examples of what kind of classification of drug? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Folic Acid Antagonist is an example of what kind of classification of drug? |
|
Definition
| Chemical structure/function (antimetabolite) |
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|
Term
| Number of patients in phase 1 clinical trial? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Two main problems with chemotherapy |
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Definition
| Drug resistance and toxicity |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inherent resistance due to genetics or the inability to reach targeted cells |
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Term
| How do cells acquire resistance? |
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Definition
| Genomic mutations (induction/deletion of enzymes involved in drug (in)activiation) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What molecule is key in MDR? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Function of p-glycoprotien? |
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Definition
| Promiscuously ransports drugs out of cell |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| In normal tissue, anti-angiogenic factors > pro-angiogenic factors, but this balance is SWITCHed in tumors (pro-angiogenic factors > anti-angiogenic factors) |
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Term
| Four triggers of angiogenic switch |
|
Definition
| Hypoxia, GFs/cytokines, activated/overexpressed receptors, and oncogens |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Endothelial progenitor cell |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Sprouting from existing vessels by migration of local epithelial cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| Formation of new bessels by recruitment of bone marrow-derived EPCs |
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Term
| Primary occurrence of new vessel formation is angiogenesis or vasculogenesis? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Secondary occurrence of new vessel formation is angiogenesis or vasculogenesis? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Lymphatic system is blocked |
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Term
|
Definition
| Excess tissue fluid containing leaked proteins |
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Term
|
Definition
| Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor |
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Term
| Growth factors are what type of molecule? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Signal! Aka a molecule that binds to a specific site on another molecule (receptor) |
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Term
| Growth factors cause what change in the cell cycle? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| EFGR is especially overexpressed in which cancers? |
|
Definition
| Head and Neck, lung, ovarian and breast cancers |
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|
Term
| Heregulins are often ligands for... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An oncogene produced by EGFR |
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|
Term
| EGFR function in normal cell |
|
Definition
| Cell proliferation, angiogenesis and antiapoptosis |
|
|
Term
| EGFR function in tumor cell |
|
Definition
| Proliferation, angiogenesis, antiapoptosis, metastasis and chemotherapy resistance |
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Term
| Strategies to inhibit EGFR signaling (4) |
|
Definition
| EGFR TK inhibitors, anti-EGFR mAbs, anti-ligand mAbs, and bispecific mAbs |
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Term
|
Definition
| EFGR TK inhibitor drug (highly selective, potent and reversible) |
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|
Term
| What is the greatest cause of death in cancer patients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is least understood stage of cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of metastatic cells form tumors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many cells will be shed from a 1 cm3 tumor? |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why can metastases remain dormant for so long? |
|
Definition
| Angiogenesis inhibition, immune status, hormonal changes and new mutations |
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Term
| Mechanistic theory of organ selectivity in metastasis |
|
Definition
| Determined by the pattern of blood flow |
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Term
|
Definition
| The provision of a fertile environment is required for compatible for tumor cells to grow |
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|
Term
| Determining factors of metastasis (3) |
|
Definition
| Appropriate GFs, compatible adhesion sites, and attraction factors |
|
|
Term
| Three stages of metastasis |
|
Definition
| Invasion, circulation and colonization |
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|
Term
| Requirements for tumor invasion (3) |
|
Definition
| Matrix degrading enzymes, cell adhesion, and cell motility |
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Term
|
Definition
| Receptors involved in extracellular matrix interactions (adhesion, motility, survival and growth) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Matrix metalloproteases (involved in ECM degradation) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Receptors involved in cell-cell interactions |
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|
Term
| What type of cadherin is frequently lost in cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When cells lack cadherins they are... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Common sites of metastasis |
|
Definition
| Bone, Lung, Liver, Adrenals, Brain and Skin |
|
|
Term
| BLANK activation is central to bone metastasis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can block bone metastasis? |
|
Definition
| Therapies targeted at blocking osteoclast development |
|
|
Term
| What type of cancers are highly likely to metastasize? |
|
Definition
| Myeloma, breast, prostate and thyroid |
|
|
Term
| How does cancer arise? (3) |
|
Definition
| Genetic mutations on oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, environmental factors (radiation, carcinogens) or microbial infections |
|
|
Term
| Relatively selective therapy strategies |
|
Definition
| Gene therapy, targeted therapy |
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|
Term
| Very selective therapy strategy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 |
|
Definition
| Tumor specific antigen associated with skin cancer |
|
|
Term
| How do T cells recognize TSAs? (4) |
|
Definition
| Point mutations can cause new peptides to bond or new epitopes for T cells to recognize, overexpression of genes can change the density of peptide present, OR reactivation of genes present novel antigens |
|
|
Term
| Five mechanisms of tumor immune evasion |
|
Definition
| Low immunogenicity, tumor treated as self antigen, antigenic modulation (endocytosis), tumor-induced immune suppression and privilege sites |
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Term
|
Definition
| Enhances proliferation of T-cells. Transfected into DCs to increase immunogenicity. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Promotes recruitment of DCs. Used to vaccinate tumor cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cytokines used in immunotherapy |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Normal version of oncogene present in normal cells |
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|
Term
| Prototype tumor-suppressor gene |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tumor-suppressor gene that blocks cell cycle progression and controls apoptosis. Present in over half of cancers. |
|
|
Term
| What percent of cancers are known to have virus etiology? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do viruses contribute to cancer? (3) |
|
Definition
| Integrations that cause activation/inactivation of oncogenes/tumor-suppressors, expression of genes that alter transduction pathways, and chronic activation of inflammatory responses |
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Term
|
Definition
| Small tumor virus that causes cancer but NOT in humans |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Small tumor virus that causes mesothelioma |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Small tumor virus that can cause cervical cancer, anal carcinoma, penile cancer or oral cancer |
|
|
Term
| How are oncogenic viruses different from small DNA tumor viruses? |
|
Definition
| Viruses do NOT need to integrate and the cell cycle is not driven by lytic replication regulatory genes |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oncogenic virus (Epstein-Barr Virus) That can cause Hodgkin's lymphoma and/or mononucleosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kaposi's Sarcoma Herpes Virus, an oncogenic virus that can cause Kaposi's sarcoma |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Virus that can cause liver cancer |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Virus that can cause liver cancer |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Virus that can cause Adult T Cell Leukemia |
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Term
|
Definition
| Normal fibroblasts migrate across surface until they make contact with another cell |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Contact and density-dependent |
|
|
Term
| In leukemia, how do cancer cells maintain limitless replicative capacity? |
|
Definition
| Block differentiation before a blood cell can become an erythrocyte (maintains stem cell qualities) |
|
|
Term
| How many cells can survive in a tumor before angiogenesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| BLANK oncogenes are not present in normal cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Localized to one part of the body |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Locally advanced, affecting lymph nodes on one side of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| After lymph nodes on both sides of the diaphragm |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tumor Nodes & Metastases (Staging) |
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