Term
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Definition
Initial DNA damage --> promotion through clonal expansion. Cells able to evade apoptosis.
**2nd leading cause of death |
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Term
| What is the most common type of cancer related death? |
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Definition
Lung - both sexes
Also prostate in men, breast in women |
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Term
| What are cancer susceptibility syndromes? |
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Definition
- HNPCC/Lynch syndrome - colon cancer
- NF1
- BRCA1 or 2 in breast cancer
- FAP in colon cancer |
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Term
| What is the two hit model of tumor suppression? |
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Definition
| A tumor suppressor locus is homozygous wild type--> heterozygous mutation --> LOH leads to homozygous loss of function |
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Term
| What lifestyles can cause cancer? |
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Definition
- Carcinogens - radiation, benzene, radon
- Tobacco - lung
- UV - melanoma
- Diet - colorectal
- Obesity
**More infection in developing countries |
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Term
| What is cancer screening? |
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Definition
Detection in asymptomatic patients - reduce mortality and severity of disease
- Breast exams every 1-3 years
- Cervical cancer starting at 21
- Colonoscopy every 10 years starting at 50
- Lung cancer screenings for high risk patients only: age over 50, smoked 20 years |
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Term
| How is definitive diagnosis made? |
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Definition
Reliant on tissue sample:
- Aspiration biopsy
- Incisional biopsy - small piece
- Excisional biopsy - whole tumor removed
Exception: liver |
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Term
| What imaging can be used for cancer diagnosis? |
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Definition
- Xray - chest or mammogram
- CT scan
- PET scan
- MRI |
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Term
| What are the tissue types for tumors? |
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Definition
Solid tumors:
- Carcinoma - skin or lining of organs
- Sarcoma - bone, cartilage, muscle, CT
- CNS
Hematological
- Leukemia - in the bone marrow
- Lymphoma - lymphatic system |
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Term
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Definition
- T - Tumor. Size and invasion
- N - extent of nodal involvement
- M - metastasis. M0 or M1 |
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Term
| What are general treatment strategies for cancer? |
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Definition
- Definitive - chosen as the best one
- Primary - first line
- Adjuvant - In additional to primary
- Neo-adjuvant - 1st step to shrink tumor |
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Term
| How is radiation used for cancer? |
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Definition
The use of high energy radiation to kill cells by damaging DNA in the G2 and M phases
- Neo-adjuvant before primary
- Adjuvant after primary
**Antimetabolites, platinums, taxanes, EGFRs are sensitizers |
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Term
| What are examples of biologics for cancer? |
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Definition
- Interferons
- Interleukins
- mAbs - blocks receptors
- Tyrosine kinase inhibitors |
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Term
| What are ways patients can respond to treatment? |
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Definition
- Remission
- Partial - decrease in size/extent
- Stable - neither increasing/decreasing
- Progressive - increasing
- Relapse - return after improvement |
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Term
| What is survivor vs survivorship? |
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Definition
- Survivor - diagnosis through end of life
- Survivorship - Focus on health and life post-tx until end of life |
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