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Canadian Organizational Behaviour
Commerce 105
71
Business
Undergraduate 1
04/16/2013

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Term
Scientific Management- Division of Labour
Definition
The Practice of Systematically partitioning work into its smallest elements and standardizing tasks to achieve maximum efficiency.
Term
Enron
Definition
Term
Perception
Definition
Process of selection, organizing, and interpreting information in order to make sense of the world around us.
-Affected by
Properties of the stimulus(five senses)
Internal state of the perceiver
Term
Gestalt Psychology- Figure-Ground
Definition
-Contrast and Context
-Basic and simplest level of perceptual organization
-Recognition of patterns
Term
Stereotyping
Definition
1. Develop Categories
2. Assign individuals to a category based on one (easily observable) piece of information
3.Assign other traits from that category to the person.
Term
Attribution Theory
Definition
The perceptual process of deciding whether and observed behavior or event is caused largely by internal or external Factors
Term
Attribution Theory- Consistency
Definition
How often did the person act this way in the past?
Internal Attribution-Frequently
External Attribution- Seldom
Term
Attribution Theory- Distinctiveness
Definition
How often does the person act this way in other settings?
Internal Attribution-Frequently
External Attribution- Seldom
Term
Attribution Theory-Consensus
Definition
How often do other people act this way in similar situations?
Internal Attribution-Seldom
External Attribution-Frequently
Term
Attribution Errors
Definition
-Fundamental Attribution Errors
Tendency to see person rather than situation as main cause.
-Self Serving Bias
Tendency to attribute our favorable outcomes to internal factor and our failures to external factors.
Term
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Definition
Perceptual process in which our expectations about another person cause that person to act in a way that is consistent with those expectations.
Term
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy-Diagram
Definition
1.Supervisor forms Expectations about the employee
2.Supervisor's expectations affect his/her behavior toward the employee
3.Supervisor's behaviour affects the employee's ability and motivation
4.Employee's behaviour becomes more consistent with the supervisor's initial expectations
Term
Perceptual Errors-Primacy Effect
Definition
Perceptual error in which we quickly form an opinion of people on the basis of information we receive about them.
-Expectations change Perception
Term
Perceptual Errors-Recency Effect
Definition
Perceptual error in which the most recent information dominates our perception of others
-Memory is limited
Term
Perceptual Errors-Halo Effect
Definition
A perceptual error whereby our general impression of a person is usually based on one prominent characteristic, distorts our perception of other characteristics of that person.
Term
Fixing Bias and Errors
Definition
-Difficult because we are pattern matching machines
-Paying attention to every detail is mentally exhausting, holding conflicting thought is uncomfortable
Term
Behaviorism
Definition
A theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment in which responses to environmental stimuli shapes our behaviors.
Term
Behaviorism- Operant Conditioning
Definition
A method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior.
Terms:Positive reinforcement, Punishment,Negative Reinforcement,Superstitious Behavior,Extinction
Term
Behaviourism- Classical Conditioning
Definition
Response to condition stimulus.
Ex. Pavlov's Dog
Ringing Bell = Salivating
Term
Motivation
Definition
The forces within a person that affect his or her direction, intensity, and persistence of voluntary behaviour.
Term
Drives
Definition
Hardwired characteristics of the brain that correct deficiencies or maintain an internal equilibrium by producing emotions to energize individuals
-Generate emotions and physical responses
Term
Needs
Definition
Goal directed forces that people experience
Term
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Definition
-Have to satisfy lowest levels to move up
-Differs by person
-Benefits-Humanistic view of work motivation
Term
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs-Triangle
Definition
-Self actualization- Something bigger than themselves, something that matters
-Esteem- Think of our self well, highly,well known
-Belongingness- Welcoming, friendly, friends
-Safety- Keeping ourselves safe,family
-Physiological- food,water,shelter
Term
Four Drive Theory
Definition
Motivation based on the innate drives to acquire, bond, learn,and defend,incorporates emotion and rationality
-Generalization of humans
-Doesn't explain what we do everyday
Term
Four Drive Theory- Drive to Acquire
Definition
-Need to take/keep objects and experiences
-Basis of hierarchy and status
Term
Four Drive Theory- Drive to Bond
Definition
-Need to form relationships and social commitments
-Basis of social identity
Term
Four Drive Theory- Drive to Learn
Definition
-Need to satisfy curiosity and resolve conflicting information
-Basis of self-actualization
Term
Four Drive Theory- Drive to Defend
Definition
-Need to protect ourselves
-Basis of fight or flight
-A reactive (not proactive) drive
Term
Expectancy Theory
Definition
Motivational theory based on the idea that work effort is directed toward behaviors that people believe will lead to desired outcomes.
Term
Expectancy Theory- E-P Expectancy
Definition
If I Try can I do this?
Probability that effort will result in a particular level of performance.
Term
Expectancy Theory- P-O Expectancy
Definition
If I do this will i get the outcome.
-Perceived probability that a specific behaviour or performance will lead to a particular outcome.
Term
Expectancy Theory- Outcome Valences
Definition
How much do I want this outcome?
-Anticipated satisfaction or dissatisfaction that an individual feels towards an outcome.
Term
Goal Setting Theory
Definition
Process of motivating employees and clarifying their role and perceptions by establishing performance objectives.
Term
Equity Theory
Definition
A theory explaining how people develop perceptions of fairness in the distribution and exchange of resources
Term
Team Development Models- Truckman Model
Definition
Forming->Storming->Norming->Performing-> Adjourning
-Drop to different levels based on what is accomplished
Term
Team Development Models- Gersick Model
Definition
Punctuated Equilibrium
Diagram
Term
Role Theory
Definition
-Set of behaviors team members are expected to perform.
Diagram
Term
Norms
Definition
Informal rules and shared expectations that groups establish to regulate the behavior of their members
Term
Group Cohesiveness
Definition
The degree of attraction people fell toward the team and motivation to remain members.
Term
Hierarchical Communication
Definition
Higher Positions- Broader words and concepts
Lower Positions- Tighter words and concepts
Positive reporting
Term
Horizontal Communication
Definition
Incompatible set structures causes trouble with communication between departments.
Term
Improving Vertical and Horizontal Communication
Definition
-Training to improve set structure matching
-Liaison roles
-Physical workspace design
Term
Source of Power- Legitimate Power
Definition
An agreement among organizational members that people in certain roles can request certain behaviours of others
-Hierarchy, rules, norms
Term
Source of Power- Reward Power
Definition
The ability to control the allocation of rewards valued by others and remove negative sanctions
-Positive reinforcement
Term
Source of Power- Coercive Power
Definition
The ability to apply punishment.
-Formal and informal (norm enforcement Hawthorne studies)
Term
Source of Power- Expert Power
Definition
Originates from within the power-holder. Capacity or to influence others by possessing knowledge or skill valued by others.
Term
Source of Power- Referent Power
Definition
The capacity to influence others on the basis of an identification with and respect for the power holder
Term
Contingencies- Substitutability
Definition
A contingency of power referring to the availability of alternatives
Term
Contingencies- Centrality
Definition
A contingency of power pertaining to the degree and nature of interdependence between power-holder and others
Term
Contingencies- Discretion
Definition
The freedom to exercise judgement without referring to a specific rule or receiving permission from someone else
Term
Sources of Conflict- Incompatible Goals
Definition
Occurs when the goals of a person or department seem to interfere with another person's or department's goals
Term
Sources of Conflict- Differentiation
Definition
Have a common goal, but have different beliefs on how to achieve the goal.
Term
Sources of Conflict- Task Interdependence
Definition
The extent to which team members must share materials, information, or expertise in order to perform their jobs.
Term
Sources of Conflict- Scarce Resources
Definition
People require the same resource and undermine others who need that resource to fulfill their goals.
Term
Span of Control
Definition
The number of people directly reporting to the next level in the hierarchy.
Term
Formalization
Definition
The degree to which organizations standardize behavior through rules, procedures, formal training, and related mechanisms.
Term
Mechanic Structure
Definition
An organizational structure with a narrow span of control and high degree of formalization and centralization
Term
Organic Structure
Definition
An organizational structure with a wide span of control, little formalization, and decentralized decision making.
Term
Departmentalization
Definition
How employees and and their activities are grouped together.
-Reporting structure/ chain of command
-Puts people together who work together
Term
Departmentalization- Simple Structure
Definition
Minimal Hierarchy, employees have broad defined roles.
Term
Departmentalization- Functional Structure
Definition
Employees are organized around specific knowledge and other resources.
-Pros: Specilaization, economies of scale
-Cons: focuses employees on skills and profession and not the company, departmental sub-goals may dominate, departmental language.
Term
Departmentalization- Divisional Structure
Definition
Employees are organized around geographic areas, outputs, clients
-Pros: Company goal balance is better, needs less cross-group communication
-Cons: Duplicates resources, inter-divisional conflict
Term
Departmentalization- Matrix Structure
Definition
Overlays two structures in order to leverage benefits of both.
-Pros: Specialization and economies of scale, company goal balance
-Cons: Employees have two bosses, who is accountable
Term
Festinger's Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Definition
State of tension produced by holding two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent
Term
5 Ways to Reduce Dissonance
Definition
1.Change Behavior
2.Rationalize(I'm not doing that Behavior)
3.Justify the Behavior(I am doing the thing, but seek out confirming information)
4.Discount Information(Change conflicting information)
5.Avoid information that highlights dissonance
Term
Leadership
Definition
Influencing, Motivating, Establishing role clarity, Enabling
Term
Rational Decision Making
Definition
1.Identify the problem
2.Choose the best decision process
3.Develop alternative solutions
4.Choose the best alternative
5.Implement the selected alternative
6.Evaluate decision outcomes
Term
Rational Decision Making- Problems
Definition
1. Recognizing and formulating problems and developing alternative solutions
-Anchoring Effect: Influenced by Existing information
-Mental models:Solving the same old problems
4.Choosing the best Alternative
-Logically evaluating the massive amount of informaiton
6.Evaluating decision outcomes
-Admitting Failure
Term
Escalation of Commitment
Definition
The tendency to repeat an apparently bad decision or allocate more resources to a failing course of action
Term
Employee Involvement
Definition
The degree to which employees influence how their work is organized and carried out.
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