Term
| a group of diverse medical and healthcare systems, practices and products that have not been developed by use of generally accepted scientific methods. Are not considered to be part of conventional medicine. |
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Definition
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Term
| incorporates the use of alternative therapies in addition to conventional medicine. |
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Definition
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Term
| in addition to the physical body, this alternative practice also includes the mental, emotional, and spiritual aspects of health. |
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Definition
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Term
| Therapy that involves the body's own healing powers |
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Definition
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Term
| Healing oriented medicine that takes account of the whole person, including all aspects of lifestyle. Emphasizes the therapeutic relationship and makes use of all appropriate therapies |
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Definition
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Term
them or us?
Use outer resources to help mobilize the body's inner resources. The body heals itself and maintains it's own health. |
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Definition
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|
Term
them or us?
study dead cells and tissues
use drugs to affect receptors
cut out parts that dont work
replace failing parts
fixes things but doesn't do much to maintain health |
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Definition
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Term
| shaped development of allopathic academic education, emphasized reserach, education, and clinical practice |
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Definition
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Term
| "older techniques" that have been forgotten (8) |
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Definition
listening
developing rapport
trust
intuition
experience
observation
PE skills
"laying on of hands" |
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Term
| factors leading to the development of CAM (6) |
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Definition
deterioration of provider-pt relationship
technology overuse
inability of medical system to treat chronic disease well
desire by the publc for therapies more attuned w/ their values, beliefs, and philosphy toward life and their health
adverse drug reactions
want for less aggressive, invasive rx |
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Term
| what did the medical establishments note prior to the development of CAM? (3) |
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Definition
out of pocket CAM costs/visits
public demand
patient refusal of rx |
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Term
| what was significant about the Institute of Medicine's published review of CAM? |
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Definition
| recommended medical academic institutions incorporate info on CAM into their curriculum. |
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Term
| what type of medicine is described as "master the minutiae while missing the whole" |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of medicine is based upon understanding of the disease process at the cellular level? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the state of attaining and maintaining health |
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Term
| this type of medicine uses drugs and surgery to prevent disease in those at risk, rather than saving these methods for the Rx of disease. Provides magic bullets to prevent diseases that it cannot treat. |
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Definition
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Term
| This type of medicine engages the inner resources of an individual to be an actve and conscious participant in maintaining his or her own health. Balances internal and external forces and the social environment. |
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Definition
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Term
| the idea that health results from techniques that activate or redirect universal healing influences. |
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Definition
| vitalism or "vital energy" |
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Term
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Definition
| to restore internal harmony to the body and to release any blockages (physical or emotional) |
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Term
| receivers of Reiki therapy may experience any one of the following sensations: (8) |
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Definition
deep relaxation
warmth
floating sensations
tingling
a general sense of peace and calm
seeing different colors
may shed emotional tears
feel revitalized |
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Term
| This therapy focuses on using the Asian Meridian System through a system of foot massage |
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Definition
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Term
| in reflexology various points correspond to what? |
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Definition
| energy channels of the body as well as specific organs and systems |
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Term
| This is described as "acupuncture without needles" |
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Definition
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Term
| during hypnosis the patient is... (3) |
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Definition
in a state of attentive and focused concentration
not fully aware of surroundings
highly responsive to suggestion |
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Term
| can you hypnotize an individual against their will? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the philosophy of hypnosis? |
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Definition
it is though to work by altering our state of consciousness, allowing the analytical left brain to be switched off, while the creative right brain becomes dominant.
This allows us to access what we call our subconsicous mind - the part of us that has to change if we wish to overcome obstacles and unhelpful behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
decreases sympathetic nervous system activity
decreases oxygen consumption and CO2 elimination
lowers heart rate
lowers BP
can increase or decrease brain wave activity |
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Term
| hypnosis is frequently used in conjunction with this |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
skin disorders (ichthyosis)
anxiety/fear
depression
decrease need for analgesia
increase comfort during medical procedures
chronic disease (HTN, asthma, diabetes, IBS)
smoking cessation |
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Term
| results of Dr. Byrd's study on prayer |
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Definition
were not statistically significant BUT
less intubation and ventilator support
required fewer drugs
lower incidence of pulmonary edema
required less CPR |
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Term
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Definition
| realigns the mind-body connection - the conscious with the physical body. The 2 are intertwined to create a more harmonious interaction. |
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Term
| Per the mind-body connection, health is not finite or static but rather a |
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Definition
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Term
| meditation may effect these conditions (11) |
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Definition
Allergies
anxiety disorders
asthma
binge eating
cancer
depression
heart disease
high BP
pain
sleep problems
substance abuse |
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Term
| termed "meditation in motion" |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an orchestration of sensation, perception and ability integrated into a centrally balanced and fluid consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
| the ego is transcended, causing realization of the true essence of their self or soul |
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Term
| in yoga, asanas are what? |
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Definition
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Term
| in yoga, pranayama is what? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| structural imbalances and organic dysfunctions |
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Term
| the energetic body consists of 5-7 energy centers called |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
stress management
heart disease/HTN
CTS
OA
low back pain
immune disorders - RA, lupus
anxiety/psychosis |
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Term
| physiologic effects of edema |
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Definition
decreased metabolism
decreased BP and HR
increased blood flow
decreased SNS activity
relaxation |
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Term
| this was designed as a system of exercises during WWI |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the very large group of muscles in the center of the body - encompassing the abdomen, lower back, hips, and buttocks |
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Term
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Definition
centering
control
flow
breath
precision
concentration |
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Term
| this is considered a body conditioning routine |
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Definition
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Term
defintion of Qi
defintion of Gong |
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Definition
Qi = vital energy
Gong = perseverant practice |
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Term
| guiding philosophy of Qi Gong |
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Definition
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Term
| Qi Gong involves what 3 things |
|
Definition
movement
breathing exercises
conscious control of body energy |
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Term
|
Definition
HTN
chornic respiratory conditions
stress
GI conditions |
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Term
| defined as a way of life and a concept for healing using various natural means to treat human illness and disease |
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Definition
| naturopathy or "nature cure" |
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Term
| program of naturopathic cure embodies these 3 principles |
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Definition
eliminate evil habits
increase corrective habits
encourage new principles of living |
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Term
| re-emergency of naturopathy was due to what 4 things? |
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Definition
counterculture of the 1960's
awareness of teh importance of nutrition
awareness of the environment
disenchantment with conventional medicine |
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Term
| 7 principles of naturopathic medicine |
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Definition
vis medicatrix naturae - healing power of nature
primum non nocere - first do no harm
tolle causam - find the cause
holism - treat the whole person
wellness
health promotion
docere - doctor as teacher |
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Term
| traditional healing modality of India |
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Definition
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Term
| 5 great elements of Ayurveda |
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Definition
Earth (prithvi)
Water (jai)
Fire (agni or tej)
Air (vayu)
Ether or space (akash) |
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Term
| 3 basic doshas of Ayurveda |
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Definition
Vata = ether + air
Pitta = fire + water
Kapha = water + earth |
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Term
| in Ayurveda each individual has their own make up called |
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Definition
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Term
| Health restoration involves 2 courses of Rx what are they? |
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Definition
prophylaxis - maintain health and prevent disease
therapy - to restore health |
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Term
| based on the universal principle of yin and yang |
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Definition
| Traditional Chinese Medicine |
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Term
| 5 phases (elements) in TCM |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Qi
blood is considered to flow with chi and is conveyed by it. The two are linked together as a person is linked to their shadow. blood has a broader and less definite range of actions than it does in biomedicine |
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Term
| therapeutic goal of acupunture is what? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
increase blood flow, decrease inflammation.
increased oxygenation is thought to help transport endorphins thereby reducing pain. |
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Term
| newer research shows that magent therapy must be how strong or how long to be effective? |
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Definition
| > 800 gauss/80 m tesla and exposure must be at least 24-48 hours |
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Term
| principle of magnet therapy |
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Definition
| all living organisms have biomagnetic fields around them |
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Term
| why are magents placed over arteries? |
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Definition
| to carry the magnetic field farther (it's attracted to the iron in the blood) |
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Term
| uses of magnet therapy (12) |
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Definition
arthritis (RA, OA)
fibromyalgia
repatative strain injuries
peripheral neuropathy
pain management
insomnia
sponylosis
migraine
chronic fatigue syndrome
high blood pressure
diabetes
bowel disorders |
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Term
| magnet therapy should be avoided in what patients? |
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Definition
| those wth implanted cardiac and other medical devices (pacemakers, defibrillators, E-stimulators, etc) |
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Term
| what is different from healing/therapeutic touch and most other manual therapies? |
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Definition
| the patient is not physically touched - practitioners hands are though to manipulate the flow of energy around the pt's body |
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
| curanderismo has two parts, what are they? |
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Definition
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Term
| in curanderismo, supernatural illness is initiated by what? |
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Definition
| evil spirits (espiritos malos) or brujos (persons practicing evil magic) |
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|
Term
decribe this common folk illness:
susto |
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Definition
| susto - acute illness caused by a frightening event |
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Term
decribe this common folk illness:
susto |
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Definition
| susto - acute illness caused by a frightening event |
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Term
decribe this common folk illness:
mal de ojo |
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Definition
| illness is traced to the Near East, a magical glance takes away part of the vital essence of a person |
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Term
decribe this common folk illness:
Empacho |
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Definition
| intestinal blockage caused by eating the wrong food at the wrong time or being forced to eat unwanted food |
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Term
decribe this common folk illness:
caida de la mollear |
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Definition
| fallen fontanelle in infants |
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Term
| incorporation of local flora as a means of enhacing health |
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Definition
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Term
| the study and practice of using plant material for food, medicine, and health promotion |
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Definition
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Term
| indvidual who has undergone specific study and supervised practical training to achieve competence in treating pts |
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Definition
| herbalist, herbal practitioner |
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Term
| common themes of herbalism |
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Definition
optimize health and wellness
emphasis on the whole person
emphasis on the individual not the disease process
find and treat the cause
apply t |
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Term
| common themes of herbalism (12) |
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Definition
optimize health and wellness
emphasis on the whole person
emphasis on the individual not the disease process
find and treat the cause
apply the prinicple of duality
recycling - offer a prayer in return for healing to continue the natural cycle
belief in the unmeasurable and abstract
be open to exchange of knowledge
remain accountable to your communty
humility |
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Term
| herbalism should possibly be avoided when? |
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Definition
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Term
| extreme care should be used with herbalism in who? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the biggest misconception about natural products |
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Definition
| people assume they are safe because they are natural |
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Term
| what is the significance of DSHEA? |
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Definition
| regulates herbs as dietary supplements, not as drugs. No FDA regulatory authority exists - no standardized purity or bioavailability. |
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Term
| Common food allergy triggers (7) |
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Definition
soybeans
nuts (esp. peanuts)
dairy products
fish/shellfish
wheat
eggs
food additives (esp. preservatives, coloring agents) |
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Term
| how do you dx a food allergy? |
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Definition
| skin testing, dietary elimination, RAST testing |
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Term
| how does a food allergy occur? |
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Definition
| IgE antibody is produced after the immune system perceives an ordinary food as a harmful substance. IgE attaches to mast cells. With re-exposure, mast cells release chemicals that cause allergic reactions. |
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Term
| what are the symptoms of a food allergy? |
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Definition
skin disorders (hives, eczema)
respiratory disorders (rhinitis, asthma)
stomach disorders (cramps, diarrhea)
headache
anaphylactic shock, collapse, death |
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Term
|
Definition
| using likes to treat likes |
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Term
| homeopathy combines what 3 ideas |
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Definition
medical philosophy
formalized drug testing
protocols for clinical application |
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Term
| this type of medicine views healing of the patient as the most important aspect, uses the smallest possible dose of a medication, and repeats only if necessary |
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Definition
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Term
| tenents of manual therapy (4) |
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Definition
the body is a unit
structure and function are interrelated
body has an inherent ability to heal itself
disease may ensue when normal adaptations are interrupted |
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Term
| who was osteopathy founded by? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| this type of medicine focuses attention on the intention to heal through the "laying on of hands" |
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Definition
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Term
| utilizes the concept of "drugless healing" |
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Definition
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|
Term
| waht is the concept of holism? |
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Definition
| all body systems are interconnected structurally and physically |
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Term
| how did the Flexner Model of medical education effect osteopathy? |
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Definition
| established educational parity |
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Term
| when were DO's first commissioned into the armed services? |
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Definition
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Term
| techniques of osteopathy (9) |
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Definition
muscle energy
HLVA
strain-counterstrain
myofascial release
lymph drainage
cranial osteopathy
visceral manipulation
articulatory technique (passive ROM)
functional technique |
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Term
| who is the founder of chiropractics? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| focused on the "one cause, one cure" theory |
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Definition
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Term
| who established educational standards and adopted the scientific method to validate chiropractic theory? |
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Definition
| National Chiropractic Association (NCA) |
|
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Term
| uses of chiropractics (6) |
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Definition
asthma
CTS
dysmenorrhea
low back pain
migraine HA
neck pain |
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Term
| what type of chiropractic therapy has show improvement in migraines and tension HA? |
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Definition
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Term
| essential theory of massage |
|
Definition
| tissues of the body will function at optimal levels when arterial supply and venous and lymphatic drainage are uninterrupted |
|
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Term
| contraindications to massage (8) |
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Definition
skin infection
melanoma
bleeding (esp into tissues from trauma)
acute inflammation (RA)
thrombophlebitis
atherosclerosis
varicose veins
immunocompromised state |
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Term
| what were the implications of the Flexner Report? |
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Definition
criticized the state of medicals chool teaching.
Proposed a strong foundation in biomedical sciences coupled with hands on clinical training. |
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Term
| what are the macronutrients (3) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the micronutrients? (2) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| specific function of proteins (3) |
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Definition
structural support
body movement
defenses |
|
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Term
| what are proteins made of? |
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Definition
| 20 different amino acids (11 non-essential, 9 essential) |
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Term
| branched chain amino acids are necessary for what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| aromatic amino acids are necessary for what? |
|
Definition
| neurotransmitter production |
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Term
|
Definition
antibodies
movement (actin and myosin)
enzymes (lactase, pepsin)
hormones (messengers)
structure (keratin, collagen, elastin)
storage (store amino acids - caesin)
transport - carriers |
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Term
| how much energy do proteins provide? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| where do complete vs incomplete proteins come from? |
|
Definition
complete = animal proteins
incomplete = plant proteins |
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Term
|
Definition
essential for health (energy, vitamin absorption, growth, development)
provdes tase to food
helps y |
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Term
|
Definition
essential for health (energy, vitamin absorption, growth, development)
provdes tase to food
helps you feel full
important source of nutrients (infants and toddlers)
plays a role in cholesterol levels |
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Term
| how much energy do fats provide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
triglycerides
phospholipids
sterols |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the process of adding H+ to unsaturated fatty acids, making them more saturated and solid at room temp. |
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Term
| what is our main source of cholesterol? |
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Definition
| saturated fats - butter, solid shortening, lard, fatback, coconut oil, palm oil, plam kernal oil, cocoa butter |
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Term
| these types of fat are formed during the process of hydrogenation |
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Definition
| trans-fats and hydrogenated fats = vegetable shortening, some margarines, partially hydrogenated oils |
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Term
| these fats may help lower cholesterol |
|
Definition
| polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats |
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Term
| sources of poly and monounsaturated fats |
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Definition
fish (salmon, trout, herring)
nuts (walnuts)
seeds
plant oils (olive, soybean, corn, safflower, canola, sunflower)
olives
avocados |
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Term
| what are the essential fatty acids? why are they important? |
|
Definition
omega 6 and omega 3
important in the formation of eicosanoids |
|
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Term
| 2 types of omega-3 fatty acids |
|
Definition
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
docosahexaeonic acid (DHA) |
|
|
Term
| why are omega 3 fatty acids protective against heart disease? |
|
Definition
improve vascular function
decrease inflammatory responses
decrease blood clotting, BP, cardiac arrythmias, plasma TGs |
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Term
| why is the result of consuming TFA's? |
|
Definition
increased risk of CV disease due to:
increased cholesterol levels
increased LDL's
decreased HDL's |
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Term
|
Definition
| used to make glucose and supply energy |
|
|
Term
| preferred energy source of nerve cells and brain |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how much energy do carbs supply? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| soluble fiber effects on the body |
|
Definition
decrease blood glucose levels
decrease cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| insoluble fiber effects on the body |
|
Definition
promote regular bowel movements
alleviate constipation
decrease risk of diverticulosis |
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|
Term
| components of the nutitional labal (4) |
|
Definition
serving size
calorie content for that serving size
nutrients
percent daily value |
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|
Term
| rule of thumb for serving size |
|
Definition
1 thumb = 1 oz of cheese
1 thumb tip = teaspoon of mayonaise, peanut butter, or sugar, etc.
3 thumb tips = 1 tablespoon
1 fist = 1 cup of spaghetti, rice, veggies, etc
1 or 2 handfuls = 1 ounce of a snack food (1 for small, 2 for larger)
1 palm = 3 ozs of meat, fish, poultry |
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|
Term
| what are the 3 components of a healthful diet? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a physical sensation that drives us to find food and eat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a physiologic desire to consume specfic foods |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| appetite stimulating hormone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hormone that suppresses food intake --> weight loss |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| physiology before and after a meal |
|
Definition
before: leptin = low. ghrelin = high
after: leptin = high. ghrelin = low |
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|
Term
| 3 factors that influence hunger |
|
Definition
addiction-like behavior
stress & cortisol
sleep restriction |
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|
Term
| live microorganisms found in, or added to, fermented foods that optimize the baterial environment of the large intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lactobacillus
bifidobacterium |
|
|
Term
| what are live and active cultures? |
|
Definition
| refer to the living organisms, lactobacillus bulgaricus and streptococcus thermophilus, which convert pasteurized milk to yogurt during fermenting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the energy the body expends to maintain it's fundatmental physiologic functions.
AKA energy output at rest. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
primarily lean body mass and age.
also influenced by height, elevated thyroid hormone levels, stress, male gender, pregnancy, lactatoin, some drugs (stimulants, caffeine, tobacco) |
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|
Term
| problem with artificial sweeteners |
|
Definition
| they may be surgar fee but they are not calorie free |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of protein energy malnutrition (PEM) |
|
Definition
primary = marasmus and kwashiorkor
secondary |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between marasmus and kwashiorkor? |
|
Definition
marasmus - near starvation
kwashiorkor - poor nutritional state - leads to failure to thrive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when the inability to meet metabolic demands arises from insufficient dietary intake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| arises when illness or other factors impair the uptake or utilization of nutrients, increase protein or energy requirements, or increase metabolic losses beyond nutrient availability |
|
|
Term
| causes of secndary PEM (3) |
|
Definition
malabsoprtion syndromes
cancer
post gastrectomy |
|
|
Term
| adverse consequences of PEM can be alleviated with what? |
|
Definition
| aggresive nutritional support |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
< 15 = starvation
< 17.5 = anorectic
< 18.5 = underweight
18.5 = ideal weight
25-30 = overweight
31-40 = obese
> 40 = morbidly obese |
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|
Term
| labs to monitor for malnutrtion |
|
Definition
albumin - hepatic function
prealbumin - good indicator of short term nutritional support |
|
|
Term
| what N balance is assocated with malnutrition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| patient energy needs can be calculated using what equation? |
|
Definition
| Harris-Benedict equation for RME |
|
|
Term
| when does a decision about whether the pt will eat or not have to be made? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of nutritional support is used when the GI system is working vs. not working? which is preferred |
|
Definition
working = enteral (preferred)
not working = parenteral (TPN) |
|
|
Term
| what two factors have negated the improvements that had been made in CV risks? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what has been shown to cause > 50% of deaths among women |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the density of a lipid refer to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| recommendations for dietary fats |
|
Definition
total cholesterol < 200
LDL < 130
HDL males > 40
HDL females > 45
TG's < 150 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
normal < 120/80
pre-HTN = 120-139/80-89
HTN = > 140/90 |
|
|
Term
| exercise recommendations for CV fitness, weight loss, weight loss maintenance |
|
Definition
CV fitness = 30 min/day
wt. loss = 60 min/day
wt loss maintenance = 60-90 min/day |
|
|
Term
| purpose of a high fiber diet |
|
Definition
| increase intestinal transit time, promote more frequent bowel movements, and results in softer stools |
|
|
Term
| for what conditions is a high fiber diet prescribed? (4) |
|
Definition
diverticulosis
irritable bowel syndrome
hemorrhoids
constipation |
|
|
Term
| for what conditions is a low residue diet prescribed? (3) |
|
Definition
inflammatory bowel disease (crohn's/UC)
reduce obstruction/stricture due to cancer
acute diverticulitis |
|
|
Term
| what is an example of a low residue diet? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the components of a BRAT diet? |
|
Definition
banans
rice
applesauce
toast |
|
|
Term
| what foods should be avoided while waiting for diarrhea to pass? |
|
Definition
those that would make it worse including:
milk and milk products
high fat or greasy food
fiber
sweet foods |
|
|
Term
| challenges of a vegetarian diet (7) |
|
Definition
potential for deficiencies of nutritents
(vitamin B12, vitamin D, riboflavin (B2), iron, calcium, zinc, protein) |
|
|
Term
| potential benefits of a vegetarian diet (7) |
|
Definition
may reduce risk of:
obestiy
type 2 diabetes
CV disease
digestive problems
some cancers
kidney disease, kidney stones
gallstones |
|
|
Term
| as you age how does body composition change? |
|
Definition
| increased fat, decreased muscle mass (sarcopenia) |
|
|
Term
| how can you reverse physiologic changes of aging? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| advantages of regular exercise (4) |
|
Definition
improves CV fitness
decreases LDL, increases HDL
improves blood sugar
decreases BP |
|
|
Term
| physical fitness program involves 3 complementary components |
|
Definition
fitness assessment
motivational program
lifelong activity and commitment |
|
|
Term
| fitness assessment measure what 4 areas of fitness? |
|
Definition
body composition
cardiovascular endurance
muscular fitness
muscular flexibility |
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of a fitness assessment and who should receive one? |
|
Definition
purpose = to determine the individual's state of fitness - used as a starting point for the exercise prescription.
Who = men > 40, women > 50 prior to any vigorous activity |
|
|
Term
| what are the components of a general exercise prescription? |
|
Definition
warm up: 5-10 min
intensity: 55-90% of max heart rate
duration: 15-60 minutes
Frequency: 3-5 d/week
Type: aerobic - wt. bearing or non wt bearing
cool down: 5-10 minutes |
|
|
Term
| what does the BORG scale measure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when should the elderly NOT exercise? (7) |
|
Definition
not for 2 hrs after a large meal
with a fever or viral infection accompanied by muscle cramps
if SBP <200 and/or DBP >100
if HR > 120
with a joint that is red, warm, and painful
stop exercising with severe pain or swelling in a joint
any new sx not previously evaluated (pain in the chest, abd, joint, edema in an arm, leg, or joint, SOB at rest, feeling fluttering in the chest) |
|
|
Term
| why should you not skip breakfast (5) |
|
Definition
food is early morning fuel for the body
decreases concentration
feel irritable, short tempered
lightheaded/dizzy
snack more and eat foods of poorer quality |
|
|
Term
| what is the best way to enhance endurance? |
|
Definition
| consume carbs before and during exercise |
|
|
Term
| what is "hitting the wall"? |
|
Definition
| when muscle glycogen stores get too low, an overwhelming feeling of fatigue making you want to stop. |
|
|
Term
| waht type of energy does the body use for walking vs jogging vs strenuous exercise |
|
Definition
walking = mainly fat
jogging = 50-60% fat
strenuous exercise = glycogen stores |
|
|
Term
| how does increased training effect glycogen stores? |
|
Definition
| increased training enables muscles to store more glycogen and increase endurance capacity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consuming an increased amount of carbs to prepare for an endurance event (> 90 min duration). |
|
|
Term
| what are good carbs for carb loading? |
|
Definition
pasta
breads/cereals
bananas |
|
|
Term
| 8 powerfoods to eat before or after a workout |
|
Definition
pineapple
papaya
peanut butter and jelly
pasta with meat sauce
8 oz chocolate milk
coffee
cold water
green tea |
|
|
Term
| how much extra protein is required to gain 1 lb of muscle per week? |
|
Definition
| 14g/day = a forkful per day |
|
|
Term
| good sources of protein (3) |
|
Definition
tuna
non-fat milk
peanut butter
all are cheaper than supplements |
|
|
Term
| where does energy come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S&S of caffeine intoxication |
|
Definition
insomnia
anxiety
restlessness
upset stomach
tremors/jitters
rapid HR
uncontrollable physical agitation |
|
|
Term
| what is the alcohol intake level that is probably associated with an increased rate of alcoholic liver disease |
|
Definition
2+ drinks/day for women
3+ drinks/day for men |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behavioral patterns and consequences of alcohol intake NOT the amount of alcohol ingested |
|
|
Term
| a strong need, or urge, to drink |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| not being able to stop drinking once drinking has begun |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| withdrawal sxs, such as upset stomach, sweating, shakiness, and anxiety after stopping drinking |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| withdrawal sxs, such as upset stomach, sweating, shakiness, and anxiety after stopping drinking |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the need to drink greater amounts to get "high" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| model of end stage liver disease estimates the survival probability of a pt with end stage liver disease. Increasingly being used worldwide to prioritize pts awaiting liver transplant. |
|
|
Term
| 3 signs of hyperestorgenism in men |
|
Definition
gynecomastia
testicular atrophy
loss of male-pattern hair distribution |
|
|
Term
| what is protein calorie malnutrition (PCM) associated with? |
|
Definition
development of variceal bleeding and ascites
increased surgical morbidity and mortality
reduced survival
possible worsening of hepatic function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
early
advanced
precirrhotic
cirrhotic |
|
|
Term
| what does the United Network for Oragn Sharing using to prioritize pts awaiting liver transplant? |
|
Definition
| modified MELD score - based on creatinine, bilirubin, and INR |
|
|
Term
| what is affected in protein calorie malnutrition? |
|
Definition
| protein, carb, and lipid metabolism |
|
|
Term
| what are macronutrients vs micronutrients? |
|
Definition
macro = energy, protein, water
micro = electrolytes, minerals, vitamins, and trace elements |
|
|
Term
| result of zinc, vitamin A, and niacin deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what vitamin deficiency?
night blindness/photophobia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what vitamin deficiency?
burning of the mouth/tongue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what vitamin deficiency?
easy bruising |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| result of deficiency in thiamine, pyridoxine, and vitamin B12 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what vitamin deficiency?
hyperkeratosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| result of vitamin B12, folate, niacin deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what vitamin deficiency?
angular stomatitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what vitamin deficiency?
decreased lower extremity DTR's |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what labs should be monitored for malnutrition? |
|
Definition
serum albumin, creatinine, INR, folate B12, iron studies
plasma levels of vits A, D, E, and INR |
|
|
Term
| treatment for alcoholic malnutrition |
|
Definition
thiamine
daily MVI
nutritional support
protein feeding
sodium restriction |
|
|
Term
| vitamins role in the body (3) |
|
Definition
maintaining bone, blood, and muscle tissue
support the immune system
maintain vision |
|
|
Term
| populations most at risk for vitamin deficiency (4) |
|
Definition
elderly
vegans
alcohol-dependent individuals
those with malabsorptin disorders |
|
|
Term
| most active form of Vitamin A |
|
Definition
| preformed vitamin A (retinol, retinoid acid) |
|
|
Term
| what is the only form of provitamin A that is metabloized in mammals to vitamin A? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| role of vitamin A in night blindness |
|
Definition
| without vitamin A rhodopsin cannot be made --> rods & cones are more sensitive to changes in light --> night blindness |
|
|
Term
| drugs that interfere with vitamin A absorption (3) |
|
Definition
mineral oil
cholestyramine
neomycin |
|
|
Term
| in Western countries, when is vitamin A deficiency noted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vitamin D has a strong interrelationship with what 2 things? |
|
Definition
| calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism |
|
|
Term
| how is vitamin D measured? |
|
Definition
| by low levels of 25-OH vitamin D |
|
|
Term
| what is the physiologically active form of Vitamin D? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hypovitaminosis D is associated with (5) |
|
Definition
fat malabsorption from
Celiac disease
Crohn's disease
pancreatic deficiency
cystic fibrosis
cholestatic liver disease |
|
|
Term
| best lab indicator for adequacy of tx for hypovitaminosis D? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antioxidant, free radical scavenger - protects LDLs and polyunsaturated fats in membranes from oxidation.
Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis
taken up from chylomicrons by th eliver and is incorporated in VLDLs |
|
|
Term
| level of and effects of Vitamin E toxicity |
|
Definition
level = >800mg/d
effects: reduced platelet aggregation
interfere with vitamin K metabolism
nausea, flatulence, diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin E in contraindicated with what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin E in contraindicated with what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do warfarin drugs effect vitamin K? |
|
Definition
| prevent the conversion of vitamin K to its active hydroquinone form |
|
|
Term
| pts at risk of vitamin K deficiency |
|
Definition
newborns
cystic fibrosis pts
adults with chronic small bowel disease, obstructed biliary tree, post small bowel resection, braod spectrum abx, renal or hepatic disease |
|
|
Term
| effects of vitamin K deficiency |
|
Definition
prolonged PT
reduced clotting times |
|
|
Term
| vitamin K dependent clotting factors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fat soluble vs. water soluble vitmins |
|
Definition
water = B, C, niacin
far = A, D, E, K |
|
|
Term
| deficiency of B1 (thiamine) in the US is commonly related with what? (2) |
|
Definition
| alcoholism and chronic illness (cancer) |
|
|
Term
| sxs of thiamine deficiency |
|
Definition
anorexia
irritability
wet/dry beri-beri |
|
|
Term
| horizontal nystagmus, ophthalmoplegia, cerebellar ataxia, mental impairment |
|
Definition
| wernicke's encephalopathy |
|
|
Term
confabulation, psychosis
additional memory loss
may persist for several months |
|
Definition
| wernicke-korsakoff syndrome |
|
|
Term
| tx for thiamine deficiency |
|
Definition
| if neuro sxs are present = 100mg/d parenterally x 7 days followed by 10mg/d po until recovery is complete |
|
|
Term
| function of B2 (riboflavin) |
|
Definition
| part of a coenzyme involved in metabolism of proteins, carbs, and fats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
problems with skin, eyes, and tongue.
tongue: glossitis
lips/nose: cracking and fissuring
eyes: cataracts, corneal abnormalities, burning, tearing, itching
skin: seborrheic dermatitis, delayed wound healing |
|
|
Term
| actions of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) |
|
Definition
antioxidant
promotes non-heme iron absorption
aids in conversion of dopamine->norepi
impofrtant for connective tissue metabolism and cross-linking
component of many drug-metabolizing enzyme systems |
|
|
Term
| when are vitamin C requirements increased? (3) |
|
Definition
smoking
hemodialysis
stress (infection, trauma) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Scurvy. US = poor, elderly, alcoholics
S&S = impaired CT formation
petechiae, ecchymoses
inflammed, bleeding gums
bleeding into joints, peritoneum, pericardium, and adrenal glands
kids = impaired bone growth |
|
|
Term
| effects of vitamin C toxicity |
|
Definition
>2gm/day = abd pain, nausea, diarrhea
>3gm/day = increased ALT, LDH, uric acid
kidney stones
hemolysis with G6PD deficiency
>1gm/day can cause false negative gauiac rxn. |
|
|
Term
| function of vitamin B3 (niacin, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide) |
|
Definition
serves as precursors of 2 coenzymes (NAD, NADP)
important in oxidation/reduction rxns
DNA repair
calcium metabolism |
|
|
Term
| what amino acid can be converted to niacin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| niacin deficiency leads to what? |
|
Definition
| pellagra (diseae characterized by scaly sores, mucosal cahnges, and mental sxs) |
|
|
Term
| what the 4 D's associated with Niacin deficiency? |
|
Definition
| dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia leading to death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
flushing (prostaglandin mediated)
skin dryness, pruritis, headache |
|
|
Term
| are minerals broken down by digestion or destroyed by heat or light? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| minerals assist in regulation of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T or F
minerals help rid the body of harmful chemicals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much is needed daily of major minerals? trace minerals? |
|
Definition
major = > 100mg/d
trace = < 100mg/d |
|
|
Term
| what is the most abdundant mineral in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
muscle contraction
vasodilaton and vasoconstriction
bone health
secretion of hormones and enzymes
transmitting nerve impulses |
|
|
Term
| majority of calcium is stored where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| calcium absorption is affected by what? (4) |
|
Definition
amt consumed and when taken
age
vitamin D (improves absorption)
phytic and oxalic acid (binds calcium and inhibits absorption) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
muscle and nerve function
heart rate and rhythm
immune system
bone health
regulates blood sugar levels
normalizes BP
involved in energy metabolism and protein synthesis
needed for > 300 biochemical reactions in the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
helps produce and maintain new cells
needed for DNA & RNA synthesis
helps prevent DNA changes that may lead to cancer
needed for RBC synthesis
essential for metabolism and maintenance of homocysteine
works with B12 and vitamin C to help the body digest and utilize proteins |
|
|
Term
| when is there an incresed need for folate? (6) |
|
Definition
pregnancy and lactation
alcoholism
kidney dialysis
liver disease
certain anemias |
|
|
Term
| how can you prevent neural tube defects? |
|
Definition
| ingest folic acid preconception and just after conception |
|
|
Term
| iron stores are tightly regulated by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| considered the #1 nutritional disorder in the world by WHO |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| people at increased risk of iron deficiency (8) |
|
Definition
women of childbearing age
pregnant women
perterm, and low birth weight infants
older infants, toddlers
teenage girls
women with heavy menses
kidney failure (dialysis)
chronic malabsorption |
|
|
Term
T or F
iron overload is an important to assess as iron deficiency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who is unlikely to need iron supplementation? (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 7-dehydrocholesterol -> cholecalciferol (vit D3) -> 25-hydroxycholecalciferol -> 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol |
|
|
Term
true or false
new research in vitamin D confirms theories that vitamin D supplementation should be used with great caution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| known benefits of vitamin D |
|
Definition
| psoriasis - sunlight exposure decreases the severity. |
|
|
Term
| groups at risk for deficiency of vitamin D (6) |
|
Definition
homebound elderly
older individuals
darker skinned people
communities that makes their members cover up
obese individuals
pregnant women |
|
|
Term
| measurement of what form of vitamin D has greater reliability? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what hormones does stress effect? |
|
Definition
| catecholamines - epi (from adrenal medulla) and norepi (from ANS - sympathetic branch) |
|
|
Term
| primary steps in cancer development |
|
Definition
initiation - mutations of a cell's DNA by a carcinogen
promotion - mutated cells and their aberrant DNA replicate uninhibited
progression - invasion and mets occur |
|
|
Term
| 2 possible explanations for the conversion of stress to malignancy? |
|
Definition
1. damage to the thymus gland and immune system
2. neuroendocrine effects - mediated thru hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal cortex |
|
|
Term
| being stressed can make a person vulnerable to what other factors? |
|
Definition
influencing the integrity of the immune system
food interactions
nutritonal status |
|
|
Term
| early nutitional support for patients with cancer may help maintain integrity of the immune system leading to what? |
|
Definition
| improved response to therapy and prognosis |
|
|
Term
| there is a strong connection between what and cancer? |
|
Definition
| being overweight or obese |
|
|
Term
| how does dietary fat effect breast, colon, and prostate cancer? |
|
Definition
breast - no demonstrated link
colon - higher occurence with Western diet
prostate - linked with consumption of animal fat |
|
|
Term
| how does soy effect cancer? |
|
Definition
| results are controversial, soy foods do appear to prote |
|
|
Term
| how does soy effect cancer? |
|
Definition
| results are controversial, soy foods do appear to protect against prostate cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
enhance the immune system
inhibit growth of cancer cells and tumors
prevent oxidative damage to DNA by stabilizing free radicals
reduce inflammation in blood vessel walls |
|
|
Term
| how are supplements regulated? |
|
Definition
as foods, not drugs
don't need approval from FDA prior to marketing
tested by the manufacturer prior to marketing, not the FDA
no proof of safety is requires unless it's a new dietary ingredient not previously sold in the US before 1994
no federal guidelines on purity, quality, safety, or composition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
vitamin K x1 at birth for newborns
infants: vitamin D supplements for breast fed babies until age 6m. iron-fortified cereal for breast fed infants 6m and older.
flouride for children not drinking flouridated water.
calcium and vitamin D for people at risk of low bone mass
vitamin B12 for elderly and vegans
MVI/mineral supplements for those on energy-restricted diets, HIV/AIDS, or other wasting diseases |
|
|
Term
| having a moderate amount of excess body fat. wt for a specific height > accepted standards. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| excess body fat that adversely affects health |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| body weight that exceeds > 100% of normal, putting the person at very high risk for serious health complications. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2nd most preventable cause of disease and mortality in the US |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| charcteristics of adipose tissue |
|
Definition
modest wt gain = fat cells increase in size
significant wt gain = fat cells increase in size and number
wt loss = fat cells decrease in size but not number |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genetic tendency to expend less energy both at rest and with activity |
|
|
Term
| what is a genetic "set point" |
|
Definition
| theory that suggests that our wt is programmed to remain within a narrow range |
|
|
Term
| 3 critical time periods for weight gain |
|
Definition
gestation and early infancy
adiposity rebound - 5-7 yo
adolescence (puberty) |
|
|
Term
| consequences of being apple shaped |
|
Definition
fat is stored primarily around the waist.
increased risk of DM2, HTN, and heart disease |
|
|
Term
| how do you calculate a wasit to hip ratio, what is healthy? |
|
Definition
waist circumfrence/hip circumfrence
women = 0.7
men = 0.9
the higher the ratio, the higher the risk for CV disease. |
|
|
Term
| stomach stapling to reduce total t |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stomach stapling to reduce total food intake |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| surgery that attaches the lower part of the small intestine to a reduced stomach, less food is absorbed and food consumed bypasses the stomach and duodenum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 types of banding gastroplasty |
|
Definition
vertical - restrictive form of bariatric surgery
horizontal - laporoscopic adjustible gastric banding |
|
|
Term
| what is dumping syndrome? |
|
Definition
occurs post gastrectomy and post gastric bypass.
also called rapid gastric emptying.
occurs when undigested contents of teh stomach are transported or "dumped" into your small intesting too rapidly.
worse after eating high sugar meals (sucrose or fructose) |
|
|
Term
| keys to successful weight loss |
|
Definition
reduce your intake gradually
set realistic weight loss and time period goals
engage in regular physical activity
apply behavior modification techniques (keep a food log, save special treats for special occasions, chew slowly, use smaller plates, avoid buying problem foods) |
|
|
