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CAM Quiz 1
Objectives from Bequillard's syllabus/ ppt
91
Health Care
Professional
01/10/2012

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Cards

Term
Primary Skin Lesions
Definition
macule
tumor
wheal
patch
papule
vesicle
plaque
bulla
nodule
pustule
cyst
telangiectasia
Term
Macule
Definition
patch
flat distinct colored area of skin
no change in skin thickness or texture
Term
Tumor
Definition
abnormal growth of body tissue
Term
wheal
Definition
elevation of the skin surface, may burn or itch
"welt"
Term
Papule
Definition
"pimple"
rounded raised bump
Term
Vesicle
Definition
a small pouch like a blister
-can occur on buccal mucosa
Term
Plaque
Definition
raised area on the skin, that is broader than it is high
Term
Bulla
Definition
fluid filled blister with thin walls
greater then 5 mm in diameter
Term
nodule
Definition
small, solid collection of tissue
-can be in dermis, epidermis or subQ
Term
Pustule
Definition
small collection of pus in the top layer of skin
often in hair follicles or sweat glands
"a pus filled pimple"
Term
cyst
Definition
closed sac- like structure containing fluid, gas or semi-solid material
variable in their shape, size and location on the body
Term
Telangiectasia
Definition
permanent dilation of preexisting small blood vessels, creating focal red lesions
Term
Secondary Skin Lesions
Definition
-scratched/bothered primary lesion, and turns to this
crust
fissure
scale
ulcr
lichenification
keloid
erosion
scar
atrophy
excoriation
Term
crust
Definition
drying of plasma or exudate on the skin
Term
fissure
Definition
linear cleavage of skin which extends into the dermis
Term
scale
Definition
thin piece of the outermost layer of skin can be due to a vareity of skin conditions
Term
Ulcer
Definition
a sore on the skin or a mucous membrane, accompanied by the disintegration of tissue, the formation of pus, etc.
Term
lichenification
Definition
thickening of the epidermis seen with exaggeration of normal skin lines. It is usually due to chronic rubbing or scratching of an area.
Term
keloid
Definition
"scars that don't know when to stop"
rises above the skin
Term
erosion
Definition
eating away of the skin
Term
excoriation
Definition
traumatized or abraded skin caused by scratching or rubbing
Term
What are 3 common eczematous eruptions?
Definition
1. Dermatitis
2. Dyshidrosis
3. Lichen simplex chronicus
Term
What is an annular shaped lesion?
Definition
ring shaped
Term
What is an iris shaped lesion?
Definition
target
Term
What is a 'zosteriform' arranged lesion
Definition
resembles herpes zoster
-follows a dermatome
Term
What does a lesion look like that has reticular arrangement? serpiginous?
Definition
-net-like
-wander as if following the track of a snake
Term
What does a lesion look like that has a morbilliform arrangement?
Definition
-measle like
-small and red macules that may be confluent in places
-seen in measles and some drug reactions
Term
What does a lesion look like that has a stellate shape?
Definition
star-like
Term
What are papulosquamous diseases? 4 to know from AAPA?
Definition
a condition presenting with both papules and scales.
-drug eruptions
-lichen planus
-pityriasis rosea
-psoriasis
Term
What are the clinical findings of eczema?
Definition
erythema
papules
scaling
excoriations
crusting and lichenification
keratosis pilaris (red bumps due to keratinized plugs in hair follicles)
ichthyosis vulgaris
Dennie Morgan sign (extra intraorbital fold)
pityriasis alba
Term
What diseases does eczema encompass?
Definition
atopic dermatitis
nummular eczema
dyshidrotic eczema
asteototic eczema
lichen simplex chronicus
Term
What is ichthyosis vulgaris?
Definition
triad of:
atopic dermatitis
ichthyosis (keratin defect that leads to tile like scaling)
keratosis pilaris
Term
what is pityriasis alba?
Definition
-eczema symptom
hypopigmented patches secondary to inflammation from atopic dermatitis
-treating the rash leads to repigmentation of skin
Term
Where is eczema generally located?
Definition
-extensor surfaces ininfants
-flexural surfaces in adults and children over 2
-antecubital fossa
Term
What is the treatment for all eczema type diseases?
Definition
Avoid scratching
Avoid allergic triggers
Hydration with topical emollients
Topical steroids
H1 antihistamines
Tars
Alpha-hydroxy acids (Retin-A)
Phototherapy
Tacrolimus, Pimecrolimus
Term
What are pomphylox?
Definition
-in dyshidrotic eczema
small tapioca blisters on palms or lateral borders of fingers
Term
In general, when seen in older patients, what can nummular eczema be secondary to?
Definition
underlying tinea infection called dermatophytid reaction
-treat eczema with a topical steroid as well as the underlying fungal infection
Term
What is asteatotic eczema?
Definition
"cracked porcelain"
-excessively dry skin
-typically seen in older patients
Term
Which dermatitis has well-demarcated patches of erythema and edema?
Definition
contact dermatitis
Term
What is the weakest steroid, and how can you make it stronger?
Definition
-hydrocortizone
-occlusion (with cotton gloves or plastic wrap)
Term
what are the three irritants leading to contact dermatitis mentioned in bequillard's ppt?
Definition
-formaldehyde in nail polishes
-nickel (earrings, belt buckles, watches..)
-poison ivy, oak and sumac (vesicles are usually in linear fashion)
Term
What type of dermatitis is caused by chronic venous insufficiency?
Definition
stasis dermatitis
-brought on by edema due to the venous insufficiency
-pregnancy is an exacerbating factor
Term
What are the 2 peak age groups where psoriasis presents?
Definition
20s and 50s
Term
What is the Auspitz sign?
Definition
-tests for psoriasis plaques
-white scale that when scratched off causes punctate bleeding
Term
What area is affected by psoriasis? not affected? how can it lead to the appearance of sausages?
Definition
-extensor surfaces; elbows, knees, sacral area, scalp, nails
-central portion of the face
-development of psoriatic arthritis (3-4%)
Term
What should you always check during a skin exam that may have psoriasis?
Definition
nails- during psoriasis may have onycholysis (separation of the nail plate from the nail bed)
Term
What are desquamation pathologies of the skin, and what are the 3 given on the AAPA site?
Definition
-skin peeling, shedding of the outermost layer
-erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis
(progressions of each other)
Term
What is erythema multiforme?
Definition
-common rxn pattern of blood vessels in the dermis with secondary epidermal changes
-target or iris lesions
-most cases related to herpes simplex virus
Term
What is bullous pemphigoid?
Definition
Bullous autoimmune disease characterized by pruritic papular and/or urticarial lesions with large tense bullae
-most common in elderly
-evolves over wks to months
Term
What are acneiform lesions and what are the 2 to know per the AAPA?
Definition
consist of comedones, papulopustules, cysts, or nodules that resemble acne vulgaris
-acne vulgaris
-acne rosacea
Term
What is folliculitis?
Definition
superficial infection of the pilosebaceous unit
clinical findings:
-follicular based pustule, frequently grouped
Term
What is the etiology of folliculitis?
Definition
face/legs- staph aureus (secondary to shaving)
trunk- pseudomonas aeruginosa (hot tub)
back- candida albicans (in febrile, hospitalized pts)
Term
What gives folliculitis rash a greenish tent?
Definition
pseudomonas
Term
What dermatits is a differntial dx to acne vulgaris?
Definition
perioral dermatitis
-treated with tetracycline, erythromyocin and PDY (photodynamic therapy)
Term
What can people who work with their hands in water put on their fingers to avoid paronychia and keep their nail beds dry?
Definition
vaseline
Term
What are the 4 neoplasms to know by AAPA standards?
Definition
Basal cell Carcinoma
Kaposi sarcoma
Melanoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Term
What is the most common cancer in humans?
Definition
BCC (Basal Cell Carcinoma)
-slow growing, so no tendency to metastasize
-treatment by surgical excision
-causes are by UVR inducing mutation on suppressor genes
Term
What is Kaposi Sarcoma (KS)?
Definition
multifocal systemic tumor of endothelial cell origin
-pathogenesis linked to herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8)
-begins as an ecchymotic-like macule->patches->papules->plaques->nodules->tumors (red, pink, violaceous to purple-brown with a greenish halo as they age)
-linked to lymphatics (in HIV patients mainly), urogenital tract, lungs (HIV again), GI tract and others.
Term
What is SCC (Squamous Cell Carcinoma)?
Definition
-a malignant tumor of keratinocytes arising in the epidermis
-varies in aggressiveness
-plaque or nodule with varying degrees keratinization inside and/or on the surface
Term
What is the rule of thumb when diagnosing differentiation of SCC ?
Definition
undifferentiated- soft with no hyperkeratosis
differentiated- hard on palpation with hyperkeratosis
Term
What are the causes of SCC?
Definition
-slowly evolving
-UVR
-HPV
-immunosuppression (associated with HIV and HPV)
-Chronic inflammation (LE, chronic ulcers, burn scars, lichen planus
-Industrial carcinogens
-Inorganic arsenic
Term
What disorders can occur of the hair and nails by AAPA standards?
Definition
-alopecia
-onychomycosis
-paronychia
Term
What is onychomycosis?
Definition
fungal nail infection
Term
What is paronychia?
Definition
-mechanical or chemical damage to the cuticle of the nail
-marked by inflammation, fungal infection and separation of nail plate from proximal fold
Term
What should you make sure you rule out before diagnosing rosacea?
Definition
-systemis lupus erythematous (LE)
-dermatomyositis
-seborrheic dermatitis
-perioral dermatitis
-polymorphic light eruption
-carcinoid syndrome (has facial flushing and heating)
-drugs
Term
What are some viral diseases?
Definition
condyloma acuminatum (genital warts)
exanthems
herpes simplex
molluscum contagiosum
varicella-zoster virus infections
verrucae
Term
What are the bacterial infections to know?
Definition
cellulitis
erysipelas
impetigo
Term
What are fungal infections of the skin to know?
Definition
candidiasis
dermatophyte infections
Term
What is Koebner's sign? What diseases is it seen in?
Definition
psoriasis plaques forming on lesions
-prsoriasis
-Stevens-Johnson syndrome
Term
In androgenic alopecia, what are terminal hairs replaced by in the presence of androgen?
Definition
vellus hairs
Term
What is the TX of androgenic alopecia?
Definition
minoxidil (topical)
Propecia (oral)
These are lifetime medications and not everyone responds in the same way if t all
Term
How does androgenic alopecia occur in women?
Definition
-central scalp, and more likely to include entire scalp
-not as complete as in male
-usually begins at menopause
-drop in estrogen and increase in androgen
Term
What is alopecia areata?
Definition
-"bald spots"
-family hx
-no inflammation or tenderness
-exclamation point hairs
-NEED TO RULE OUT TINEA CAP WITH A KOH TEST
Term
What is alopecia totalis? universalis?
Definition
-hair loss on scalp and face
-hair loss throughout entire body
Term
What is the ophiasis pattern?
Definition
when hair loss is on the temporal and occipital regions
Term
What is the median age for superfical spreading melanoma?
Definition
-37 yrs
-slightly higher in females
-evlves over 1-5 yrs
Term
What is the median age for nodular melanoma?
Definition
50 yrs
-evolves over 6-18 mos
Term
What is lentigo maligna?
Definition
"Hutchinson's nevus"
-flat, macular, intraepidermal neoplasm
-median age is 65
-can be mistaken for liver spots
Term
Lentigo maligna can lead to lentigo maligna melanoma, what is significant about this?
Definition
-55 of all melanomas
-predominantly on head and neck
-may take up to 20 yrs to evolve
Term
What if lentiginous melanoma is acral?
Definition
-on hands and feet
-2-8% of all melanoms
-principal melanoma in blacks (look under their nails)
-80% survival rate in subungal types
-50% in volar type
Term
What labs should you tae with vitiligo?
Definition
TSH, FBS, ANA
Term
What blood disorder can cause hair loss?
Definition
anemia
Term
What are some definitive factors of the 3 stages of melanoma?
Definition
I- localized disease with no clinically palpable nodes (survival rate then based on thickness)
II- palpable regional lymph nodes
III- presence of distinct metastasis (survival rate is 6 mos)
Term
What are the thicknesses of melanoma and their subsequent five year survival rates?
Definition
0.85mm- 99%
0.85mm-1.69- 94%
1.70mm-3.64- 78%
3.65mm - 42%
Term
When is melanoma metastasis local? regional? distant?
Definition
-within 5 cm of primary site
- >5cm from primary site
-skin, subQ, distant lymph nodes, lungs, liver, brain, bone, small intestine
Term
What are the predisposing factors of SCC?
Definition
-HPV
-ImmunosuppressiOn
-PUVA
-scars
-chronic ulcers
-LE
-industrial carcinogens
-arsenic (gold miners, well diggers)
Term
What is the name of SCC when in it is still in situ and has not spread?
Definition
Bowen's Disease
Term
What is dermatosis papulosis nigra and what famous actor has it?
Definition
-hyperkeratotic, pedunculated papules on the cheeks bilaterally
-Morgan Freeman
Term
What is erythema nodosum?
Definition
-painful, tender nodules on lower legs
-fever
-malaise
-inflammatory/ immunologic response to a number of etiologies
Term
What are some of the etiologies causing the immunologic response in erythema nodulosum?
Definition
strep
drugs (sulfa, OCP)
sarcoidosis
ulcerative colitis
Bechets
Term
What are the primary, secondary and tertiary findings in syphilis?
Definition
primary-chancre
secondary-condyloma lata (diffuse rash affecting palms and soles)
tertiary- gummas, neurosyphilis, Argyll-Robertson pupils, tabes dorsalis
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