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Cadiovascular
N/A
88
Biology
Undergraduate 1
10/12/2012

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What direction (in relation to the heart) does arterial blood flow?
Definition
Away from the heart
Term
What direction (in relation to the heart) does venous blood flow?
Definition
Towards the heart
Term
The Systemic and Pulmonary circuits lie in series or parallel to each other?
Definition
Series
Term
What is the only organ in the body (apart form the lungs) to receive carbon dioxide rich blood?
Definition
Liver
Term
What is another name for the Bicuspid valve?
Definition
Mitral Valve
Term
How many cusps do Semilunar valves have?
Definition
Three Cusps
Term
What is resistance the sum of?
Definition
Arterial resistance + Capillary resistance + Venous resistance
Term
Is the Lymphatic system, open-entry of closed supply?
Definition
Open-entry
Term
Where are arteries situated to avoid damage? (2 ways)
Definition

Deep in the trunk

 

On the flecor aspects of limbs

Term
What are the three types or capillaries and what level of permeabiliy (leakiness) do they have?
Definition

Continuous - Controlled

Fenestrated - Leaky

Sinusoidal - Very Leaky

Term
What is the difference in Cross-Sectional Area between veins and arteries?
Definition
Veins have roughly twice the CSA
Term
What does PMI stand for? (in relation to the heart)
Definition
Point of Maximal Intensity
Term
Where is the PMI found?
Definition
 Between the 5th and 6th ribs
Term
Name the three structures that the Right Atrium recieves from.
Definition

Inferior Vena Cava

Superior Vena Cava

Coronary Sinus

Term
What is the difference between the Right and Left Ventricular wall
Definition

Right wall is thinner than the left

 

(0.5cm vs. 1.5cm)

Term
What are the three layers that make up the tissue of the heart?
Definition
  1. Endocardium
  2. Myocardium
  3. Epicardium
Term
What are the three components of the Epicardium?
Definition
  1. Visceral pericardium
  2. Blood vessels
  3. Loose irregular FCT
Term
What is the function of the Papillary Muscles?
Definition
To hold the Chordae Tendineae to the heart wall
Term
Where are the Trabeculae Carnae located?
Definition
On the Heart wall
Term
What is the function of the Chordae Tendineae?
Definition
To attach the AV leaflet to the heart wall
Term
What is the function of the AV Valve leaflet?
Definition
To prevent the back flow of blood from ventricle to atrium
Term
What are the Three drainage pathways?
Definition
  1. Deep Veins
  2. Superficial Veins
  3. Lymphatics
Term
How many Pulmonary Veins are there?
Definition
Four
Term
What type epithelial cells make up the Endocardium?
Definition
Squamous
Term
Where does the Left Coronary Artery drain into?
Definition
The Smaller Cardiac Vein
Term
What does the Right Coronary Artery branch off into?
Definition
  1. Anterior Interventricular Artery
  2. Circumflex Artery
Term
How does blood make its way into the Coronary Arteries?
Definition
Exits into the aorta. When valves close, exposes openings of the coronary arteries. These are filled with the back flow of Blood from the Aorta
Term
Which side of the body is the Brachiocephalic Artery found on, and what does it drain into?
Definition

Right Side Only

 

Right Subclavian Artery

Term
What is the order of Drainage of arteries running down the Leg?
Definition
Common Iliac --> Femoral Artery --Posterior Tibial Artery
Term
What is the order of Drainage of veins running up the Leg?
Definition

Popteal Vein --> Great Saphenous --> Common Iliac

 

OR

 

Femoral vein --> Common Iliac

Term
What are the three layers of Blood Vessel walls?
Definition
  1. Tunica Intima
  2. Tunica Media
  3. Tunica Externa (Adventitia)
Term
What is the Tunica Media made up of?
Definition
Smooth muscle and Connective tissue
Term
What are Vaso Vasorum?
Definition
Blood vessels which supply the veins and arteries with blood
Term
Are there lymph vessels and nerves found in the Tunica Adventitia?
Definition
Yes
Term
What is the diameter of continuous and fenestrated capillaries?
Definition
5-10 micrometres
Term
What is the diameter of Sinusoidal capillaries
Definition
20-30 micrometers
Term
Veins have a high _______ (inverse of stiffness)
Definition
Capacitance
Term
Compare the wall layers of a vein and an artery
Definition

Media - Much thinner in the vein

Adventitia - This is often the thickest coat of the vein

Term
What are Varicose veins and cause them?
Definition

Veins in which blood pools

 

Caused by venous valves which do not close properly

Term
If a vein is surrounded by skeletal muscle, is it superficial or deep?
Definition
Deep
Term
The lymph vascular system screens lymph for foreign ________
Definition
Antigens
Term
How does the lymphatic system respond if it finds foreign antigens?
Definition
Releases antibodies and activates immunes cells
Term
The lymphatic vascular system performs the function of transporting absorbed fat to the blood, true or false?
Definition
True
Term
Lacteals drain fat into what collecting vessel?
Definition
Cisterna Chyli
Term
Where does the thoracic duct drain into?
Definition
Subclavian Veins
Term
Does the heart twist when it contracts?
Definition
Yes
Term
Why does the heart twist and contort when contracting?
Definition
The configuration of the cardiac muscle fibres
Term
Describe the cellular mechanism of cardiac contraction
Definition
  1. Increased cytosolic calcium levels
  2. Causes the release of more calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
  3. Calcium causes actin binding sites to be revealed
  4. Myosin binds to these, forming a X-bridge
  5. Actin and myosin slide relative to each other
  6. Causes sarcomere to shorten
  7. Generates a force
Term
Describe one way of increasing the force of Cardiac Contractions
Definition
More Cytosolic calcium, which increases the number of X-bridges
Term
Describe the cellular mechanism of Cardiac Relaxation.
Definition
  1. ATP binds to myosin
  2. There is a decrease in cystolic calcium levels
  3. Some of this travels back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
  4. X-bridges are released and actin and myosin separate
  5. This causes a reduction in force
Term
How many cariac myocytes contract every heart beat?
Definition
All of them
Term
How many cariac myocytes relax every heart beat?
Definition
All of them
Term
Mitochondria takes up roughly how much of the volume of a myocardium?
Definition
25%
Term
Are cardiac myocytes striated?
Definition
Yes
Term
How are cardiac myocytes connected to other cardiac myocytes?
Definition
Intercolated discs
Term
What occurs during Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation?
Definition
Atrioventricular valves stay shut, ventricles relax, no volume change
Term
What occurs during Isovolumetric Ventricular Contraction?
Definition
Ventricular depolarisation and contraction occurs, semilunar valves stay shut, pressure builds up
Term
What must systolic pressure reach in order for hypertension to occur?
Definition
140 or above
Term
What must diastolic pressure reach in order for hypotensionto occur?
Definition
60mmHg or below
Term
How does Pulsatile blood flow occur?
Definition
The storage and release of energy due to the elasticity of the artery wall
Term
What percentage of the cardiac muscle cells to Purkinje cells make up?
Definition
1%
Term
Give 5 properties of Purkinje cells
Definition
  1. Central nucleus
  2. Lots of Mitochondria
  3. Lots of Glycogen
  4. Intercolated disks
  5. Lots of Gap Junctions
  6. Low amounts of actin and myosin
Term
What do gap junctions allow for?
Definition
Current flow between adjacent cells
Term
What does the P wave on an ECG indicate?
Definition
The SAN pulse and atrial depolarisation
Term
What does the QRS complex on an ECG represent?
Definition

Ventricular depolarisation

Atrial repolarisation (obscured)

Term
What does the T wave represent on an ECG?
Definition
Ventricular repolarisation
Term
How much blood travels to the Left side of the Heart per minute?
Definition
5 L
Term
What proportion of blood flows to the Brain at rest?
Definition
14%
Term
During exercise blood flow increases to which organs?
Definition
Heart, Muscle, Skin (except maximal exercise)
Term
During exercise blood flow decreases to what organs?
Definition
GI tract, Kidneys
Term
What organ is blood flow always constant to?
Definition
The Brain
Term
How is Mean Arteriole Pressure (MAP) calculated?
Definition
MAP = CO x TRP
Term
Peripheral resistance is controlled by which blood vessel?
Definition
Arteriole
Term
What is the relationship between resistance and the size of the arteriole lumen?
Definition
Resistance = 1/radius^4
Term
How is arteriole radius adjusted?
Definition
By controlling the tone of the smooth muscle surrounding the arteriole
Term
Name the 5 classes of Mechanisms involved in Vascular Control.
Definition
  1. Metabolic
  2. Endothelial
  3. Mechanical
  4. Neural
  5. Humoral
Term
Where is most of the blood in the body found?
Definition
In the Small veins and Venules
Term
What is the contracting of a vein called?
Definition
Venoconstriction
Term
What is the survival value of veins?
Definition
The ability of veins to reintroduce blood into the right side of the heart, effectively giving a blood transfusion
Term
What are two ways that veins conteract blood pooling?
Definition
  1. Venous Valves
  2. Tone of surrounding muscle
Term
What is a classic trait of a fainter and how does this lead to them fainting?
Definition

Poor muscle tone

 

Leads to pooling of venous blood, and a low venous return

Term
How does skeletal muscle aid in venous return?
Definition
Causes a pressure increase in veins, valves close preventing back flow and blood is pushed towards the heart
Term
How does increased venous return increase contractile power of the ventricles?
Definition
Increases the cardiac myocyte resting sarcomere length
Term
What does the Vagus Nerve innervate?
Definition
The SAN node and AV node
Term
Is the Vagus Nerve Sympatheic or Parasympathetic?
Definition
Parasympathetic
Term
Where do the Sympathetic nerves that control the heart innervate?
Definition
SAN node, AV node and the Left Ventricular wall
Term
Where do the spinal nerves that innervate the heart branch from? (sympathetic)
Definition
T1-4 region
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