Term
| What direction (in relation to the heart) does arterial blood flow? |
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Definition
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Term
| What direction (in relation to the heart) does venous blood flow? |
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Definition
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Term
| The Systemic and Pulmonary circuits lie in series or parallel to each other? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the only organ in the body (apart form the lungs) to receive carbon dioxide rich blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another name for the Bicuspid valve? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many cusps do Semilunar valves have? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is resistance the sum of? |
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Definition
| Arterial resistance + Capillary resistance + Venous resistance |
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Term
| Is the Lymphatic system, open-entry of closed supply? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are arteries situated to avoid damage? (2 ways) |
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Definition
Deep in the trunk
On the flecor aspects of limbs |
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Term
| What are the three types or capillaries and what level of permeabiliy (leakiness) do they have? |
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Definition
Continuous - Controlled
Fenestrated - Leaky
Sinusoidal - Very Leaky |
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Term
| What is the difference in Cross-Sectional Area between veins and arteries? |
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Definition
| Veins have roughly twice the CSA |
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Term
| What does PMI stand for? (in relation to the heart) |
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Definition
| Point of Maximal Intensity |
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Term
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Definition
| Between the 5th and 6th ribs |
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Term
| Name the three structures that the Right Atrium recieves from. |
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Definition
Inferior Vena Cava
Superior Vena Cava
Coronary Sinus |
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Term
| What is the difference between the Right and Left Ventricular wall |
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Definition
Right wall is thinner than the left
(0.5cm vs. 1.5cm) |
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Term
| What are the three layers that make up the tissue of the heart? |
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Definition
- Endocardium
- Myocardium
- Epicardium
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Term
| What are the three components of the Epicardium? |
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Definition
- Visceral pericardium
- Blood vessels
- Loose irregular FCT
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Term
| What is the function of the Papillary Muscles? |
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Definition
| To hold the Chordae Tendineae to the heart wall |
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Term
| Where are the Trabeculae Carnae located? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the Chordae Tendineae? |
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Definition
| To attach the AV leaflet to the heart wall |
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Term
| What is the function of the AV Valve leaflet? |
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Definition
| To prevent the back flow of blood from ventricle to atrium |
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Term
| What are the Three drainage pathways? |
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Definition
- Deep Veins
- Superficial Veins
- Lymphatics
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Term
| How many Pulmonary Veins are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type epithelial cells make up the Endocardium? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the Left Coronary Artery drain into? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the Right Coronary Artery branch off into? |
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Definition
- Anterior Interventricular Artery
- Circumflex Artery
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Term
| How does blood make its way into the Coronary Arteries? |
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Definition
| Exits into the aorta. When valves close, exposes openings of the coronary arteries. These are filled with the back flow of Blood from the Aorta |
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Term
| Which side of the body is the Brachiocephalic Artery found on, and what does it drain into? |
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Definition
Right Side Only
Right Subclavian Artery |
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Term
| What is the order of Drainage of arteries running down the Leg? |
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Definition
| Common Iliac --> Femoral Artery --Posterior Tibial Artery |
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Term
| What is the order of Drainage of veins running up the Leg? |
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Definition
Popteal Vein --> Great Saphenous --> Common Iliac
OR
Femoral vein --> Common Iliac |
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Term
| What are the three layers of Blood Vessel walls? |
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Definition
- Tunica Intima
- Tunica Media
- Tunica Externa (Adventitia)
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Term
| What is the Tunica Media made up of? |
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Definition
| Smooth muscle and Connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood vessels which supply the veins and arteries with blood |
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Term
| Are there lymph vessels and nerves found in the Tunica Adventitia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the diameter of continuous and fenestrated capillaries? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the diameter of Sinusoidal capillaries |
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Definition
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Term
| Veins have a high _______ (inverse of stiffness) |
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Definition
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Term
| Compare the wall layers of a vein and an artery |
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Definition
Media - Much thinner in the vein
Adventitia - This is often the thickest coat of the vein |
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Term
| What are Varicose veins and cause them? |
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Definition
Veins in which blood pools
Caused by venous valves which do not close properly |
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Term
| If a vein is surrounded by skeletal muscle, is it superficial or deep? |
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Definition
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Term
| The lymph vascular system screens lymph for foreign ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the lymphatic system respond if it finds foreign antigens? |
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Definition
| Releases antibodies and activates immunes cells |
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Term
| The lymphatic vascular system performs the function of transporting absorbed fat to the blood, true or false? |
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Definition
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Term
| Lacteals drain fat into what collecting vessel? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the thoracic duct drain into? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does the heart twist when it contracts? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does the heart twist and contort when contracting? |
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Definition
| The configuration of the cardiac muscle fibres |
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Term
| Describe the cellular mechanism of cardiac contraction |
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Definition
- Increased cytosolic calcium levels
- Causes the release of more calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
- Calcium causes actin binding sites to be revealed
- Myosin binds to these, forming a X-bridge
- Actin and myosin slide relative to each other
- Causes sarcomere to shorten
- Generates a force
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Term
| Describe one way of increasing the force of Cardiac Contractions |
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Definition
| More Cytosolic calcium, which increases the number of X-bridges |
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Term
| Describe the cellular mechanism of Cardiac Relaxation. |
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Definition
- ATP binds to myosin
- There is a decrease in cystolic calcium levels
- Some of this travels back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
- X-bridges are released and actin and myosin separate
- This causes a reduction in force
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Term
| How many cariac myocytes contract every heart beat? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many cariac myocytes relax every heart beat? |
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Definition
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Term
| Mitochondria takes up roughly how much of the volume of a myocardium? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are cardiac myocytes striated? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are cardiac myocytes connected to other cardiac myocytes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What occurs during Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation? |
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Definition
| Atrioventricular valves stay shut, ventricles relax, no volume change |
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Term
| What occurs during Isovolumetric Ventricular Contraction? |
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Definition
| Ventricular depolarisation and contraction occurs, semilunar valves stay shut, pressure builds up |
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Term
| What must systolic pressure reach in order for hypertension to occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What must diastolic pressure reach in order for hypotensionto occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does Pulsatile blood flow occur? |
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Definition
| The storage and release of energy due to the elasticity of the artery wall |
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Term
| What percentage of the cardiac muscle cells to Purkinje cells make up? |
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Definition
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Term
| Give 5 properties of Purkinje cells |
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Definition
- Central nucleus
- Lots of Mitochondria
- Lots of Glycogen
- Intercolated disks
- Lots of Gap Junctions
- Low amounts of actin and myosin
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Term
| What do gap junctions allow for? |
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Definition
| Current flow between adjacent cells |
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Term
| What does the P wave on an ECG indicate? |
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Definition
| The SAN pulse and atrial depolarisation |
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Term
| What does the QRS complex on an ECG represent? |
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Definition
Ventricular depolarisation
Atrial repolarisation (obscured) |
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Term
| What does the T wave represent on an ECG? |
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Definition
| Ventricular repolarisation |
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Term
| How much blood travels to the Left side of the Heart per minute? |
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Definition
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Term
| What proportion of blood flows to the Brain at rest? |
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Definition
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Term
| During exercise blood flow increases to which organs? |
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Definition
| Heart, Muscle, Skin (except maximal exercise) |
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Term
| During exercise blood flow decreases to what organs? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What organ is blood flow always constant to? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is Mean Arteriole Pressure (MAP) calculated? |
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Definition
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Term
| Peripheral resistance is controlled by which blood vessel? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the relationship between resistance and the size of the arteriole lumen? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is arteriole radius adjusted? |
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Definition
| By controlling the tone of the smooth muscle surrounding the arteriole |
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|
Term
| Name the 5 classes of Mechanisms involved in Vascular Control. |
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Definition
- Metabolic
- Endothelial
- Mechanical
- Neural
- Humoral
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Term
| Where is most of the blood in the body found? |
|
Definition
| In the Small veins and Venules |
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Term
| What is the contracting of a vein called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the survival value of veins? |
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Definition
| The ability of veins to reintroduce blood into the right side of the heart, effectively giving a blood transfusion |
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Term
| What are two ways that veins conteract blood pooling? |
|
Definition
- Venous Valves
- Tone of surrounding muscle
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Term
| What is a classic trait of a fainter and how does this lead to them fainting? |
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Definition
Poor muscle tone
Leads to pooling of venous blood, and a low venous return |
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Term
| How does skeletal muscle aid in venous return? |
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Definition
| Causes a pressure increase in veins, valves close preventing back flow and blood is pushed towards the heart |
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Term
| How does increased venous return increase contractile power of the ventricles? |
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Definition
| Increases the cardiac myocyte resting sarcomere length |
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Term
| What does the Vagus Nerve innervate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the Vagus Nerve Sympatheic or Parasympathetic? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Where do the Sympathetic nerves that control the heart innervate? |
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Definition
| SAN node, AV node and the Left Ventricular wall |
|
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Term
| Where do the spinal nerves that innervate the heart branch from? (sympathetic) |
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Definition
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