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CA 235
Multicultural Communicator
153
Criminal Justice
Undergraduate 4
10/03/2011
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Term

Acculturation

 

 Definition
The process of cultural change that results from ongoing contact between two or more culturally different groups.
Term
Acculturative Stress
 Definition
The anxiety and tension associated with acculturation.
Term
Adaptors
 Definition
Mostly unconscious nonverbal actions that satisfy physiological or psychological needs such as scratching an itch.
Term
Adjustment Phase:
 Definition
Third stage of culture shock characterized by where people actively seek out effective problem-solving and conflict resolution strategies.
Term
Affect Displays:
 Definition
Nonverbal presentations of emotion, primarily communicated through facial expressions
Term
Affective Component:
 Definition
Approach-avoidance tendencies during intercultural communication. The extent to which one experiences intercultural communication apprehension and one's willingness to communicate.
Term
African-Americans:
 Definition
Micro-cultural group in the United States whose ancestors were brought to the United States as slaves.
Term
Amish:
 Definition
A micro-cultural religiously oriented group whose members practice simple and austere living.
Term
Analogic Communication
 Definition
Nonverbal communication, including vocal elements such as voice pitch.
Term
Anxiety Uncertainty Management Theory:
 Definition
1. Theory that describes how individuals can manage (rather then reduce) uncertainty and anxiety during intercultural communication.
Term
ARAB Americans
 Definition
According to the Census Bureau, people with ancestries originating from Arabic speaking countries or areas of the world.
Term
Arranged Marriage
 Definition
Marriage that is initiated and negotiated by a third party, other than the bride and groom.
Term
Assertiveness
 Definition
Term
Assimilation
 Definition
: The degree to which an individual takes on the behaviors and language habits and practices the basic rules and norms of the host culture while relinquishing ties with the native culture.
Term
Avoiding Communication Style
 Definition
The degree to which a person ignores both self-face need and other-face need.
Term
Avoiding Facework
 Definition
Behaviors that focus on an attempt to save the face of the other person.
Term
Built Environment
 Definition
1. Adaptations to the terrestrial environment, including architecture, housing, lighting, and landscaping.
Term
Carpentered-World Hypothesis
 Definition
: Learned tendency by those living in industrialized cultures to interpret non-rectangular figures as rectangles in perspective.
Term
Categorization:
 Definition
Classifying or sorting of perceived information into distinct groups.
Term
Chronemics:
 Definition
1. The perception and use of time.
Term
Cognition
 Definition
: Higher mental processes, such as perception and memory.
Term
1. Collectivism
 Definition
Cultural orientation that the group is the primary unit of culture. Group goals take precedence over individual goals.
Term
Communication Apprehension:
 Definition
The fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or group of persons.
Term
Communication
 Definition
The simultaneous encoding, decoding, and interpretation of verbal and nonverbal messages between people.
Term
Compromising communication style:
 Definition
1. The degree to which a person tries to balance both self-face and other-face needs.
Term
Conflict Interaction Styles:
 Definition
1. The ways individuals manage actual conflict.
Term
Context
 Definition
1. : The cultural, physical, social, and psychological environment.
Term
Cultural Context:
 Definition
1. An accumulated pattern of values, beliefs, and behavior held by an identifiable group of people with a common verbal and nonverbal symbol system.
Term
Cultural Transmutation
 Definition
1. : Mode of acculturation where the individual chooses to identify with a third cultural group (e.g., microculture) which materializes out of the native and host cultural groups.
Term
Culture Shock:
 Definition
1. The effects associated with the tension and anxiety of entering into a new culture combined with the sensations of loss, confusion, and powerlessness resulting from the forfeiture of cultural norms and social rituals.
Term
Culture
 Definition
1. : An accumulated pattern of values, beliefs, and behaviors, shared by an identifiable group of people with a common history and verbal and nonverbal symbol system.
Term
Decay:
 Definition
1. Memory loss due to lack of use.
Term
Denotative meaning:
 Definition
1. The literal meaning of a word; the dictionary meaning.
Term
Digital communication:
 Definition
1. Verbal communication.
Term
Dominating communication style:
 Definition
1. The degree to which a person asserts a high self-face need while simultaneously discounting the other-face need.
Term
Dominating Facework:
 Definition
1. Behaviors that are characterized by an individual’s need to control the conflict situation and defend his or her self-face.
Term
Dozens
 Definition
1. : A verbal battle of insults between speakers who are judged for their originality and creativity by a small group of listeners. This is the highest form of verbal warfare and impromptu speaking in many African-American communities.
Term
Dynamic
 Definition
1. : Something considered active and forceful.
Term
Ebonics
 Definition
1. : From the terms ebony and phonics, a grammatically robust and rich African-American speech pattern whose roots are in West Africa.
Term
Emblems
 Definition
1. : Primarily hand gestures that have a direct verbal translation. Can be used to repeat or substitute for verbal communication.
Term
Emotional Expression:
 Definition
1. How one might use his or her emotions to guide conflict. This is demonstrated by the type of person who listens to his or her base feelings and proceeds accordingly.
Term
Environmental Context:
 Definition
1. The geographical and psychological location of communication within some cultural context.
Term
Episodic Memory
 Definition
1. : A component of long-term memory where private individual memories are stored.
Term
Ethnicity:
 Definition
1. The group affiliation or ancestral origins of an individual. A more appropriate word than the social construct of "race," ethnicity may refer to religious, language-based, or geographic origins, according to an individual's genetic or self-definition.
Term
Ethnocentric Attributional Bias:
 Definition
1. The tendency to make internal attributions for the positive behavior of the ingroup while making external attributions for its negative behavior.
Term
Ethnocentrism
 Definition
1. : Tendency to place one's own group (cultural, ethnic, or religious) in a position of centrality and worth, and to create negative attitudes and behaviors toward other groups.
Term
Face
 Definition
: A person’s sense of favorable self-worth or self-image experienced during communicative situations; an emotional extension of the self-concept; considered a universal concept; that is, people in all cultures have a sense of face, but the specific meanings of face may vary across cultures.
Term
Facework
 Definition
1. : The communicative strategies employed to manage one’s own face or to support or challenge another’s face. Can be employed to initiate, manage, or terminate conflict.
Term
Fixed-feature Space:
 Definition
1. Space bounded by immovable or permanent fixtures, such as walls.
Term
Gender
 Definition
1. : A socially constructed and learned creation usually associated with one's sex; masculinity and femininity. People are born into a sex group, but learn to become masculine or feminine. The meaning of gender stems from the particular culture's value system.
Term
GENE
 Definition
1. : Self-report instrument designed to measure generalized ethnocentrism
Term
Haptics
 Definition
1. : Nonverbal communication via physical contact or touch.
Term
High Context:
 Definition
1. Cultural orientation where meanings are gleaned from the physical, social, and psychological contexts.
Term
High Load:
 Definition
1. Situation with a high information rate.
Term
Hispanic
 Definition
1. : Defined by the U.S. Government as a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race.
Term
Hmong
 Definition
1. : Microculture belonging to the Sino-Tibetan language family and are culturally similar to the Chinese. The Hmong, which means "free people" or "mountain people" fought for the United States during the Vietnam War and many have immigrated to the United States since the end of the war.
Term
Horizontal Collectivism:
 Definition
1. Cultural orientation where the self is seen as a member of an ingroup whose members are similar to each other.
Term
Horizontal Individualism:
 Definition
1. Cultural orientation where an autonomous self is valued but the self is more or less equal with others.
Term
Illusory Correlation Principle:
 Definition
1. When two objects or persons are observed to be linked in some, people have a tendency to believe they are always linked (or correlated).
Term
Illustrators
 Definition
1. : Primarily hand and arm movements that function to accent or complement speech.
Term
Individualism
 Definition
1. : Cultural orientation that the individual is unique and emphasizing individual goals over group goals.
Term
Informal Space:
 Definition
1. Space defined by the movement of the interactants.
Term
Information Rate:
 Definition
1. The amount of information contained or perceived in the physical environment per some unit of time.
Term
Ingroup
 Definition
1. : A membership group whose norms, goals, and values shape the behavior of the members. Extreme ingroups see the actions of an outgroup as threatening to the ingroup.
Term
Integrating communication style:
 Definition
1. The degree to which a person assumes a high self-face need while also attending to the needs of the other-face.
Term
Integrating Facework:
 Definition
1. Behaviors that allow for the shared concern for self- and other-face and strives for closure in the conflict
Term
Integration
 Definition
1. : Mode of acculturation where the individual develops a kind of bicultural orientation which successfully blends and synthesizes cultural dimensions from both groups while maintaining an identity in each group.
Term
Intentionality
 Definition
1. : During communication, the voluntary and conscious encoding and decoding of messages.
Term
Interactive
 Definition
1. : A process between two people.
Term
Intercultural Communication Apprehension (ICA):
 Definition
1. The fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with a person from another culture or co-culture.
Term
Intercultural Communication:
 Definition
1. Two persons from different cultures or co-cultures exchanging verbal and nonverbal messages.
Term
Intercultural competence:
 Definition
1. The ability to adapt one’s verbal and nonverbal messages to the appropriate cultural context.
Term
Intercultural Conflict:
 Definition
1. The experience of emotional frustration or mismatched expectations between individuals from different cultures who perceive an incompatibility between their values, norms, goals, scarce resources, or outcomes during an intercultural exchange.
Term
Intercultural willingness to communicate:
 Definition
1. Predisposition to initiate intercultural interaction with persons from different cultures even when completely free to choose whether or not to communicate.
Term
Interference
 Definition
1. : During recall, when new or old information blocks or obstructs the recall of other information.
Term
Intermediary level:
 Definition
1. The actual location and context of the conflict.
Term
Involuntary Membership Group:
 Definition
1. A group to which a person belongs and has no choice but to belong, such as a person's sex, race, and age group.
Term
Involuntary Nonmembership Group:
 Definition
1. A group to which a person does not belong because of ineligibility.
Term
Kinesics
 Definition
1. : General category of body motion, including emblems, illustrators, affect displays, and adaptors.
Term
Knowledge Component
 Definition
1. : The extent of one's awareness of another's culture's values etc. Also the extent to which one is cognitively simple, rigid and ethnocentric.
Term
Long-term Memory:
 Definition
1. Cognitive storage area where large amounts of information are held relatively permanently.
Term
Low Context:
 Definition
1. Cultural orientation where meanings are encoded in the verbal code.
Term
Low Load:
 Definition
1. Situation with a low information rate.
Term
Macro or Societal level:
 Definition
1. Factors that are out of the control of the interactants. These conditions include any history of subjugation, ideological/ structural inequality, and minority group strength.
Term
Membership Group:
 Definition
1. A group to which a person belongs where there is regular interaction among members who perceive of themselves as members.
Term
Memory:
 Definition
1. The storage of information in the human brain over time.
Term
Micro or Individual level:
 Definition
1. Each individual’s unique attitudes, dispositions, and beliefs that he or she brings to the conflict.
Term
Microculture
 Definition
1. : An identifiable group of people who share a set of values, beliefs, and behaviors and who possess a common history and verbal and nonverbal symbol system that is similar to but systematically varies from the larger, often dominant cultural milieu.
Term
Minority Group:
 Definition
1. Subordinate group whose members have significantly less power and control over their own lives than members of the dominant or majority group.
Term
Monochronic Time Orientation:
 Definition
1. Cultural temporal orientation that stresses the compartmentalization and segmenting of measurable units of time.
Term
Muted Groups:
 Definition
1. Microcultures who are forced to express themselves (e.g., speak, write) within the dominant mode of expression.
Term
Mutual-face:
 Definition
1. The concern for both parties’ images or the image of the relationship
Term
Neglect:
 Definition
1. The use of a passive–aggressive approach where one might ignore the conflict but attempt to elicit a response from the other via aggressive acts.
Term
Nonmembership Group:
 Definition
1. A group to which a person does not belong.
Term
Nonverbal Expectancy Violations Theory
 Definition
1. : Theory that posits that people hold expectations about the nonverbal behavior of others. When these expectations are violated, people evaluate the violation positively or negatively depending on the source of the violation.
Term
Obliging communication style:
 Definition
1. The degree to which a person puts the other-face need ahead of self-face need.
Term
Olfactics:
 Definition
1. The perception and use of smell, scent, and odor.
Term
Organizational Culture:
 Definition
1. An organized pattern of values, beliefs, behaviors and communication channels held by the members of an organization
Term
Other-face:
 Definition
1. The concern for another’s image.
Term
Outgroup Homogeneity Effect:
 Definition
1. The tendency to see members of an outgroup as highly similar while seeing the members of the ingroup as unique and individual.
Term
Outgroup
 Definition
1. : A group whose attributes are dissimilar from an ingroup's and who opposes the realization of ingroup goals.
Term
Paralanguage
 Definition
1. : Characteristics of the voice such as pitch, rhythm, intensity, volume, and rate.
Term
Perception
 Definition
1. : The mental interpretation of external stimuli via sensation.
Term
Perceptual Context:
 Definition
1. The attitudes, emotions, and motivations of the persons engaged in communication and how they affect information-processing.
Term
Perceptual Filters:
 Definition
1. Physical, social, and psychological processes that screen and bias incoming stimuli.
Term
Personal Report of Communication Apprehension (PRCA):
 Definition
1. Self-report instrument designed to measure communication apprehension.
Term
Polyandry:
 Definition
1. The practice of having multiple husbands.
Term
Polychronic Time Orientation:
 Definition
1. Cultural temporal orientation that stresses the involvement of people and the completion of tasks as opposed to strict adherence to schedules. Time is not seen as measurable.
Term
Polygamy
 Definition
1. : The practice of having multiple spouses.
Term
Polygyny
 Definition
1. : The practice of having multiple wives.
Term
Power Distance:
 Definition
1. The extent to which less powerful members of a particular culture accept and expect that power within the culture will be distributed unequally.
Term
Power Distance:
 Definition
1. The extent to which members of a culture expect and accept that power is unequally distributed.
Term
Privacy
 Definition
1. : The degree to which an individual can control the visual, auditory, and olfactic interaction with others.
Term
Process
 Definition
1. : Anything ongoing, ever-changing, and continuous.
Term
Proxemics
 Definition
1. : The perception and use of space, including territoriality and personal space.
Term
Psychomotor Features
 Definition
1. : The extent to which one can translate cultural knowledge into appropriate verbal and nonverbal performance and role enactment.
Term
Race:
 Definition
1. A social construct based primarily on skin color. A more scientific term is ethnicity, which refers to places of ancestral origin.
Term
Recall/Retrieval:
 Definition
1. To call to mind a recollection of stored information.
Term
Re-Entry Shock:
 Definition
1. The effects associated with the tension and anxiety of returning to one's native culture after an extended stay in a foreign culture.
Term
Reference Group:
 Definition
1. A group to which a person may or may not belong, but identifies in some way with the values and goals of the group.
Term
Regulators
 Definition
1. : Nonverbal acts that manage and govern communication between people, such as stance, distance, eye contact, etc.
Term
Relational Empathy:
 Definition
1. Shared meaning and harmonization that is the outcome or result of interaction of two people.
Term
Responsiveness
 Definition
1. : An individual's ability to be sensitive to the communication of others, including providing feedback, comforting communication, and listening.
Term
Rhetorical sensitivity:
 Definition
1. Selecting language and nonverbal communication with thought and care so that one adapts communication effectively to the other person and the context.
Term
Role
 Definition
1. : One's relative hierarchical position or rank in a group. A role is a prescribed set of behaviors that are expected in order to fulfill the role. Roles prescribed with whom, about what, and how to interact with others.
Term
Self-face:
 Definition
1. The concern for one’s own image.
Term
Semantic Memory:
 Definition
1. A part of long-term memory where general information, such as how to read and write, and the meanings of words are stored.
Term
Semi-fixed Featured Space:
 Definition
1. Space bounded by movable objects such as furniture.
Term
Sensation
 Definition
1. : Gathering of visual, auditory, olfactic, haptic and taste stimuli/information.
Term
Sensory Receptors:
 Definition
1. Eyes, ears, nose, mouth, and skin.
Term
Sensory Register
 Definition
1. : Storage center for raw sense data.
Term
Sex Role:
 Definition
1. A prescribed set of behaviors assigned to different sexes.
Term
Sex:
 Definition
1. A designation of people based on biological genital differences.
Term
Situational Features:
 Definition
1. The extent to which the environmental context, previous contact, status differential and third-party intervention affect one's competence during intercultural communication.
Term
Social Identity:
 Definition
1. The total combination of one's group roles. A part of the individual's self-concept that is derived from the person's membership in groups.
Term
Social Stratification
 Definition
1. : A culture's organization of roles into a hierarchical vertical status structure.
Term
SocioCommunicative Style:
 Definition
1. Degree of assertiveness and responsiveness during communication.
Term
Sociorelational Context:
 Definition
1. The role relationship between the interactants (i.e., brother/sister)
Term
Socio-Relational Context:
 Definition
1. The roles that one assumes within a culture that are defined by verbal and nonverbal messages.
Term
Spanglish
 Definition
1. : Hybrid language combining the phonological features (i.e., sounds) and syntactic structures (grammar) of English and Spanish.
Term
Stereotypes
 Definition
1. : A subset of categorizing involving the attribution of characteristics of a group to an individual based on individual's membership in that group. Stereotypes are categories with an attitude.
Term
Symbol
 Definition
1. : An arbitrarily selected and learned stimulus representing something else.
Term
Terrestrial Environment:
 Definition
1. The physical geography of the earth.
Term
Third Culture:
 Definition
1. That which is created when a dyad consisting of persons from different cultures come together and establish relational empathy.
Term
Third-party help:
 Definition
1. The extent to which a person would engage an outsider to act as a go-between in the conflict.
Term
Transactional
 Definition
1. : The simultaneous encoding and decoding process during communication.
Term
Uncertainty Avoidance:
 Definition
1. The degree to which members of a particular culture feel threatened by unpredictable, uncertain, or unknown situations.
Term
Uncertainty Reduction Theory:
 Definition
1. The major premise of this theory is that when strangers first meet, their primary goal is to reduce uncertainty.
Term
Uncertainty
 Definition
: The amount of unpredictability during communication.
Term
Values
 Definition
1. : Criteria for selecting and justifying behavior. Values have a cognitive, affective, and behavioral component.
Term
Vertical Collectivism:
 Definition
1. Cultural orientation where the individual sees the self as an integral part of the ingroup but whose members are different than each other (e.g., status).
Term
Vertical Individualism:
 Definition
1. Cultural orientation where an autonomous self is valued but the self is seen as different and perhaps unequal with others.
Term
Voluntary Membership Group:
 Definition
1. A membership group to which a person belongs out of choice, like a political party or service organization.
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