Term
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Definition
•Benign or Malignant
•2 components: Parenchyma (clonal neoplastic cells) that determines the tumor’s biologic behavior. Reactive stroma (connective tissue - support, blood vessels - growth, macrophages and lymphocytes)
•Amount of stroma determines the consistency of the tumor
•Desmoplasia - abundant collagenous stroma due to stimulation by parenchymal cells. (Breast, pancreas, prostate)
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Term
Benign Epithelial Neoplasms |
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Definition
•Adenoma
•Papilloma
•Cystadenoma
•Papillary cystadenoma
•Polyp
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Term
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Definition
•A benign epithelial neoplasm that arises from glands or forms glandular structures.
•Thyroid, bronchial, renal tubular, hepatic cell, adrenal adenomas.
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Term
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Definition
•A benign neoplasm arising from surface epithelial, and forms delicate epithelial finger like projections over a core of fibro vascular tissue.
•Squamous papilloma of the skin, tongue, TC papilloma of urinary bladder, choroid plexus, intraductal papilloma of the breast
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Term
Cystadenoma and Papillary Cystadenoma |
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Definition
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•A benign epithelial neoplasm that forms a cystic structure.
•Common site is the ovary
Papillary Cystadenoma:
•Cystadenoma with papillary projections on its internal surface.
•Ovary is a common site.
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Term
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Definition
•Neoplasms that produce a visible protrusion above the mucosal surface.
•Colonic (tubular adenoma) and uterine
•Benign and malignant
•Malignant polyps are termed polypoid cancers.
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Term
Benign Mesenchymal tumors |
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Definition
•Connective tissue: lipoma, fibroma, chondroma, osteoma
•Endothelial and related tissue: hemangioma lymphangioma, meningioma
•Muscle: smooth (leiomyoma) and striated (rhabdomyoma)
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Term
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Definition
•Benign mesenchymal tumor of adipose tissue
•Well circumscribed mass of mature adipose tissue.
•Cut surface is yellow
•Most common benign tumor in males
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Term
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Definition
•Benign mesenchymal tumor of fibrous tissue
•Seen in the ovary
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Term
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Definition
•Benign mesenchymal tumor of hyaline cartilage.
•Nodular configuration
•Micro: well circumscribed nodules of hyaline cartilage with hyaline matrix and neoplastic chrondrocytes in lacunae
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Term
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Definition
•Benign mesenchymal tumor of bone.
•Micro: Composed of haphazard inter-connected trabeculae of woven bone
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Term
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Definition
•Benign tumor of blood vessels
•Micro: closely packed blood vessels
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Term
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Definition
•Benign tumor of the lymph vessels.
•Characterized by cystic or cavernous spaces
•Seen in the skin or deeper regions of the neck, axilla (cystic hygroma) mediastinum and retro peritoneum.
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Term
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Definition
•Benign tumors of smooth muscle
•Uterus is a common location
•Also noted in the GI tract
•Most common tumor in females
•Stain: smooth muscle actin (SMA)
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Term
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Definition
•Benign mesenchymal tumor of striated muscle
•Heart is a common site
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Term
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Definition
•Benign neoplasm of the chorionic villi
•Gross: appear like a bunch of grapes
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Term
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Definition
•Benign tumor of melanocytes.
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Term
Pleomorphic adenoma (Mixed tumor) |
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Definition
•Benign neoplasm of the salivary gland (Parotid).
•Neoplastic cells have two different morphologic patterns but derive from the same germ cell layer.
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Term
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Definition
•Arise from the totipotent cell and is common in the gonads and midline tissue.
•Benign form is a mature teratoma
•Dermoid cyst (mainly ectodermal differentiation)
•Malignant form is an immature teratoma or teratocarcinoma
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Term
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Definition
•Malignant epithelial neoplasm that arises from squamous epithelium.
•Microscopically pavement epithelium and keratin pearls are noted.
•Lung, Skin, Cervix, Esophagus (upper 2/3)
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Term
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Definition
•Malignant epithelial neoplasm that forms glands or arises from glandular tissue.
•Colon, Lung, Stomach, Endometrium
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Term
Transitional cell carcinoma |
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Definition
•Malignant epithelial neoplasm that arises from transitional epithelium.
•Common site is the urinary bladder.
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Term
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Definition
•Malignant tumor of bone
•Micro: malignant osteoid is noted
•Seen in young males
•Common site around the knee
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Term
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Definition
•Ectopic rest of normal tissue / normal tissue misplaced within another organ
•Pancreatic tissue in a Meckel’s diverticulum, stomach
•Adrenal tissue in the renal cortex
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Term
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Definition
•Hypertrophy: increase in size of the cell
•Hyperplasia: increase in number of cells
•Metaplasia: replacement of one adult cell type by another (columnar to squamous)
•Dysplasia: (abnormal growth) cytologic abnormality which is a precursor of malignancy
•Anaplasia: loss of differentiation
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Term
Morphology of Malignant Cells |
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Definition
•Pleomorphism: variation in size and shape
•Hyperchromasia: increased DNA
•Increased nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio (1:1), normal 1:4-1:6
•Chromatin clumping, Large nucleoli, Atypical bizarre mitosis, tumor giant cells
•Anaplastic cells growing in a disorganized fashion
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Term
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Definition
•Usual mechanism for the spread of carcinomas
•Spreads to nodes along the route of drainage
•Lung to hilar nodes; Breast to axillary nodes
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Term
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Definition
•Usual mechanism for dissemination of sarcomas
•Cells entering the portal vein go to liver; cell entering the vena cava go to the lung
•Renal cell and hepato-cellular ca, lymphatic and hematogenous spread
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Term
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Definition
•Based on the degree of differentiation and the number of mitoses
•Correlates with the aggressiveness of the neoplasm
•Four grades
•Grade I is well differentiated and Grade IV is poorly differentiated
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Term
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Definition
•Determines the extent of spread
•Based on Tumor size, spread to lymph Nodes and presence or absence of Metastases
•Two major staging systems
•TNM Staging
•American Joint Committee (AJC) on cancer staging
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