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C228 Review_Chapter 1
Overview of Community Health Nursing
113
Health Care
Undergraduate 4
07/15/2016

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Term
Public Health Service
Definition
Originally the Marine Hospital, established by Congress in 1798
Term
Florence Nightingale
Definition
1860 - established training school for nurses
Term
Clara Barton
Definition
1864 - established Red Cross
Term
Lillian Wald
Definition
1893 - established Henry Street Settlement
Term
Mary Breckinridge
Definition
1925 - established Frontier Nursing Service
Term
The Shattuck Report
Definition
1850 -- dev by Mass. Sanitary Commission. Addressed control of communicable disease, alcoholism, preventative health. Changed face of public health
Term
Florence Nightingale
Definition
>development of formal nursing care
>Crimean War -- she decreased mortality rate of soldiers by > 30%
>1879 -- US opened its 1st nsg school based on her model
Term
Visiting nurses
Definition
assessed living conditions; suggested improvements to health care; established settlements -- e.g., Lillian Wald and the Henry Street Settlement
Term
Lillian Wald
Definition
president of Nat'l Org for Public Health Nsg
Term
Community health nsg
Definition
developed as result of illness of those who could not pay for private-duty nsg care
Term
Sheppard-Towner Act
Definition
changed course of maternal newborn care
Term
Frontier Nursing Service
Definition
formed by Mary Breckinrige in 20's; still in existence in Kentucky. Nurses traveled to home of mountain folks on horseback to care for ill
Term
Midwifery
Definition
developed at Frontier; vastly improved maternal newborn care in KY
Term
Major events in 20th century
Definition
>Social Security Act
>Schools of nsg with content on community / public health
>Rural Health Clinic Services Act dictated how community health services were taught and implemented
Term
Community Health Nursing Theories
Definition
1. Nightingale's Theory of Environment.
2. Orem Self Care Deficit.
3. Pender Health Promotion Model.
Term
Nightingale's Theory of Environment
Definition
Nursing, health, & environment have a correlation in the health and illness of an individual or community.
Term
Orem Self Care Deficit
Definition
Individuals must take actions to maintain life and health. Those actions can be performed by the individual with guidance or by a caregiver. Environmental assessment is needed in order to provide appropriate care.
Term
Pender Health Promotion Model
Definition
Individuals will seek health promotion experiences in order to improve their well-being.
Term
Community
Definition
group of people and institutions that share geographic, civic, and/or social parameters
Term
Community health
Definition
determined by degree to which community's collective health needs are identified and met.
Term
Health status of community / targets for improvement of community health
Definition
Mortality rates, disease prevalence, levels of physical activity, obesity, tobacco use, substance abuse
Term
Community health nurses
Definition
>practice in the community
>usually from facility such as community health clinic or county health department
>practice not limited to institutional setting
Term
Population
Definition
aggregate that shares one or more personal characteristics
Term
The client of community health nursing is --
Definition
Community / population
Term
Community partnership
Definition
community members, agencies, businesses actively participating in processes of health promotion and disease prevention
Term
Community partnerships
Definition
critical to accomplishment of health promotion and disease prevention strategies
Term
"At risk" populations
Definition
HTN, Nutrition problems, obesity, etc.
Term
Population-focused nsg
Definition
Assessments of and interventions for at risk populations
Term
Community-oriented nursing: Client --
Definition
Community
Term
Community-based nursing: Client --
Definition
Individual, family, or group of individuals
Term
Community-oriented nursing: Focus of care
Definition
Health of community as whole
Term
Community-based nursing: Focus of care
Definition
Health of individuals, families, groups within a community
Term
Community-Oriented Nursing: Nursing activities
Definition
Health care: surveillance and evaluation of community's collective health and implementation of strategies to promote health and prevent disease
Term
Community-Based Nursing: Nursing activities
Definition
Illness care: Provision of direct primary care in settings where individuals and families live, work, and "attend" (schools, camps, parishes).
Term
Community health nsg practice: Goals / functions
Definition
Promote, preserve, maintain health of populations by delivery of health services to individuals, families, groups in order to impact "community health."
Term
Public health nsg practice
Definition
Promote, preserve, maintaing health of populations thru disease and disability prevention and health protection of community as whole
Term
Public Health Nsg Practice: Core functions
Definition
>systematic assessment of health of populations
>dev of policies to support health of populations
>ensuring essential health services available to all persons
Term
Community Health Nursing Practice: Guiding principles --
Definition
* Ethical considerations
* advocacy
* epidemiology
* epidemiological calculations
* epidemiological triangle
* epidemiological process
* community-based health education
Term
Public Health Code of Ethics
Definition
identifies ethical practice of pubic health
Term
Ethical considerations in public health
Definition
* prevent harm
* do no harm
* promote good
* respect individual and community rights
* respect autonomy and diversity
* provide confidentiality, competency, trustworthiness, advocacy
Term
community health nurses
Definition
protect, promote, preserve, maintain health; prevent disease
Term
Client rights
Definition
information disclosure, privacy, informed consent, information confidentiality, participation in treatment decisions
Term
ethical principle
Definition
promoting good; preventing harm
Term
ethical challenge
Definition
balancing individual rights versus rights of community groups
Term
Client rights
Definition
* right to information disclosure
* right to privacy
* right to informed consent
* right to information confidentiality
* right to participation in treatment decisions
Term
Ethical principle: Respect for Autonomy
Definition
Individuals select those actions that fulfill their goals
Term
Ethical principle: Nonmaleficence
Definition
No harm is done when applying standards of care
Term
Ethical principle: Beneficence
Definition
Maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harms
Term
Ethical principle: Distributive justice
Definition
Fair distribution of the benefits and burden in society is based on the needs and contributions of its members
Term
Respect for autonomy applied in community health nsg
Definition
Client's right to self-determination (e.g., making decision not to pursue chemotherapy)
Term
Nonmaleficence applied in community health nsg
Definition
Developing plans of care that include system for monitoring and evaluating outcomes
Term
Beneficence applied in community health nsg
Definition
Assessment of risk and benefits
Term
Distributive justice applied in community health nsg
Definition
Determining who will be eligible for health care services based on income and fiscal resources
Term
Advocacy
Definition
nurse plays role of informer, supporter, mediator for client
Term
Advocacy basics
Definition
* Clients are autonomous; have right to make decisions affecting their own health and welfare
* Clients have right to expect nurse-client relationship based on trust, collaboration, shared respect, r/t health, considerate of their thoughts and feelings.
* Clients are responsible for their own health
* It's nurse's responsiblility to ensure access to services that meet client's health care needs
* In order to be an advocate for the client, nurse must be assertive, recognize priority of client's values (even when in conflict with health care providers), intervene politically if necessary
Term
Epidemiology
Definition
investigative study of disease trends in populations for purpose of disease prevention and health maintenace
Term
Epidemiology
Definition
* relies on statistical evidence to determine rate of spread of disease and proportion of people affected
* evaluates effectiveness of disease prevention & health promotion activities and to determine extent to which their goals have been met
Term
Epidemiological triangle
Definition
Agent - host - environment. In middle of triangle is vector
Term
Susceptible HOSTS have one or more of the following:
Definition
* altered immunity
* altered resistance
* increased risk d/t
* genetics
* gender
* age
* physiological state
* prior disease state
* social class
* cultural group
* occupation
Term
Non-susceptible HOSTS have:
Definition
* active immunity through natural or artificial means
* passive immunity through natural or artificial means
(artificial = acquired)
Term
Intermediary vectors
Definition
are living
Term
Vehicle vectors
Definition
are nonliving
Term
Intermediary (living) vectors
Definition
* mosquitos
* fleas
* rodents
* birds
* ticks
Term
Vehicle (nonliving) vectors
Definition
* clothing
* food
* water
Term
Infectious agents
Definition
* viruses
* fungi
* bacteria
* protozoa
* metazoa
* rickettsia
Term
Physical agents
Definition
* trauma
* genetics
* noise
* temperature
* repetitive motions
Term
Physical agents
Definition
* trauma
* genetics
* noise
* temperature
* repetitive motions
Term
Chemical agents
Definition
* drugs
* fumes
* toxins
Term
Environmental reservoirs and modes of transmission
Definition
* human reservoirs
* physical factors
* temperature
* rainfall
* socioeconomic factors
* availability of resources
* access to health care
* high-risk working conditions
* crowded living conditions
Term
Epidemiology in community health nsg
Definition
CH nurses:
* identify cases
* recognize patterns of disease
* eliminate barriers to disease control
* provide education and counseling targeting disease condition or specific risk factors
Term
Epidemiology involves study of relationships among agent, host, environment
Definition
Interaction of agent, host, environment
* determines development and cessation of communicable disease
* forms web of causality, which increases or decreases risk for disease
Term
Agent
Definition
animate or inanimate object causing disease
Term
Host
Definition
living being that will be affected by agent
Term
Environment
Definition
Setting or surrounding that sustains the host
Term
Incidence
Definition
New cases
Term
Incidence calculated by
Definition
# of cases in population at a specific time / population total X 1000 = ____ per 1000
Term
Prevalence
Definition
Existing cases in a population at a particular time
Term
Prevalence calculation
Definition
# of cases in population at a specific time / population x 1000 = ___ per 1,000
Term
Crude mortality rate calculation
Definition
# of deaths / population total x 1,000 = ___ per 1,000
Term
Infant mortality rate calculation
Definition
# of infant deaths before 1 year in a year / # of live births in same year x 1,000 = ___ per 1,000
Term
Attack rate calculation
Definition
# of people at risk who develop a certain disease / total # of people at risk
Term
Epidemic
Definition
when rate of disease exceeds usual level of the condition
Term
Phase I of Epidemiological Process: Determine the nature, extent, and possible significance of the problem
Definition
Collect information from as many sources as possible; use info to determine scope of problem
Term
Phase II of Epidemiological Process:
Formulate a possible theory
Definition
Nurse projects and explores possible explanations
Term
Phase III of Epidemiological Process:
Gather info from variety of sources to narrow down possibilities
Definition
Nurse assesses all possible sites for amassing information r/t disease process; she evaluates plausibility of proposed hypothesis
Term
Phase IV of Epidemiological Process:
Make the plan
Definition
Nurse focuses on breaking cycle of disease. Consider all factors influencing spread of disease. Establish priorities to break transmission chain and control disease spread.
Term
Phase V of Epidemiology Process:
Put the plan into action
Definition
Nurse puts plan for controlling disease into action using all available means
Term
Phase VI of Epidemiology Process:
Evaluate the plan
Definition
Nurse gathers info to determine success; evaluates success of prevention of spread of disease
Term
Phase VII of Epidemiology Process:
Report and follow up
Definition
Nurse synthesizes evaluation data into a format that is understandable; evaluates successes and failures; bases follow-up on evaluation information
Term
Community-based health education
Definition
to promote, maintain, restore health of populations
Term
Barriers to learning
Definition
age, culture, poor reading and comprehension skills, language, access, motivation
Term
Effective community health education
Definition
requires planning
Term
Behavioral learning theory
Definition
Change behavior through use of reinforcement methods
Term
Cognitive theory
Definition
Change thought patterns through use of methods that offer variety of sensory input and repetition
Term
Critical theory
Definition
Increase depth of knowledge through use of methods such as discussion and inquiry
Term
Developmental learning theory
Definition
focus on human developmental stage and age-specific and age-appropriate methods; readiness to learn
Term
Humanistic learning theory
Definition
Feelings / relationships; methods based on principle that learners will do what is in their best interests
Term
Social learning theory
Definition
Change learners' expectations and beliefs through use of methods that link information to beliefs and values
Term
Learning styles
Definition
Visual, auditory, tactile-kinesthetic
Term
Visual learners learn through
Definition
seeing and methods such as note taking, video viewing, and presentations; they "think in pictures."
Term
Auditory learners learn through
Definition
listening and methods such as verbal lectures discussion, reading aloud; they "interpret meaning while listening."
Term
Tactile-kinesthetic learners learn through
Definition
doing and methods such as trial and error, hands-on approaches, return demonstration; gain "meaning through exploration."
Term
Development of Community Health Education Plan
Definition
1. ID population-specific learning needs.
2. Select priority learning need to be addressed.
3. Select aspects of learning theories to use based on learning need
4. Consider barriers to learning and consider learning styles
5. Design program
* set objectives -- measurable / achievable
* select appropriate method based on learning objectives and assessment of participants' learning styles
* select content appropriate to objectives and time frame
* select evaluation method to provide feedback regarding achievement of short-term learning objectives
6. Implement program (ensure environment conducive to learning).
7. Evaluate achievement of learning objectives and effectiveness of instruction.
Term
3 levels of prevention
Definition
Primary, secondary, and tertiary
Term
Healthy People
Definition
* Coordinated by US Dept of Health and Human Services
* initiated in 1979
* publishes health objectives to serve as guide for promoting health and preventing disease
* Healthy People 2020
Term
Preventive services
Definition
Health education, counseling, immunizations, other actions that aim to prevent disease or disability
Term
Successful screening programs
Definition
* Provide accurate and reliable results
* Can be inexpensively and quickly administered to large groups
* Produce few if ay side effects
Term
Primary prevention focus:
Definition
Prevention of initial occurrence of disease or injury
Term
Secondary prevention focus:
Definition
Early detection of disease and treatments with goal of limiting severity and adverse effects
Term
Tertiary prevention focus:
Definition
Maximization of recovery after injury or illness (rehab)
Term
Primary prevention: examples in community health
Definition
* nutrition counseling
* family planning / sex education
* smoking cessation education
* communicable disease education
* education about health and hygiene issues to specific groups (day care workers, retaurant workers)
* safety education (seatbelt use, helmet use)
* prenatal classes
* Providing immunizations
* community assessments
* disease surveillance (communicable diseases)
* advocating for resolution of health issues (access to health care, healthy environments)
Term
Secondary prevention examples in CH nsg
Definition
* Treatment of STD
* Treatment of TB
* Control of outbreaks of communicable diseases
* Screenings
* cancer
* DM
* HTN
* hypercholesterolemia
* sensory impairments
* TB
* lead exposure
* genetic disorders / metabolic deficiencies in newborns
Term
Tertiary prevention examples in CH nsg
Definition
* Nutrition counseling
* exercise rehabilitation
* CM (chronic illness; mental illness)
* shelters
* support groups
* exercise for hypertensive clients (individual)
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