Hormone:

(3 facts)

1.chemical messengers that are released into the blood and transported throughout the body

2.function as neurotransmitters or as local tissue factors (parahormones)

3.low-level signals: Compared with nervous impulses

Response is slower but control is more sustained (minutes to days)

-          target organ (or cells):

Which produces a faster response? 

 Nervous system or endocrine system 

Which produces a sustained response?

Nervous system or Endocrine system

How do hormones alter the rates of biochemical processes?

(4  facts)

1. Affect enzyme activity and alter cell metabolism

2. Change membrane permeability

3. Regulate synthesis of cell proteins

4. Stimulate release of hormones from other glands

-          positive feedback mechanism:

(2 EXs)

Production of the target horomone (output of the system) results in an increase in production of that horomone.

1. controls birth and milk release in ducts of mamory glands

2. controls oxytocin production and release

-          negative feedback mechanism:

(3facts 1 EX)

3. high levels of target hormone results in a decrease in production of that hormone

2. between glands and target cells

Is oxytocin + or - feedback?

-          juvenile hormone:

1. Also terpenoid, insect hormone produced by corpora allata

2. regulates the form of the insect larva after each molt. The levels of it eventually fall to allow the larva to be transformed into the adult insect.

3. Favors retention of juvenile characters

4. Important during diapause (suspended development due to environment)

-          ecdysone:

Produced by prothoracic gland

Acts directly on chromosomes and favors development of adult structures (like metamorphosis)

regulates the form of the larva after each molt

favors retention of juvenile characteristics;

-          What are the functions of the ecdysone?

What hormones are produced by the human hypothalamus?

-          Oxytocin:

(2 facts)

1. Horomone that stimulates contraction of uterine smooth muscle during labor;

2. Triggers milk ejection by mammary glands in response to suckling of infant

      ADH:

(2 facts)

Antidiuretic Hormone or Vasopressin

1. Acts on collecting ducts of the kidney to increase water absorption

2.Increases blood pressure by constricting smooth muscles of arterioles

What are the 6 major hormones produced by the human anterior pituitary?

1. TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)

2. LH (Leuteinizing Hormone)

3. FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)

4. ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)

5. Prolactin

6. GH (Growth Hormone)

What are tropic hormones?

(4 EXs)

A hormone that influences the action of another hormone or endocrine gland.

EX: TSH, LH, FSH, and ACTH

NOT: Prolactin or GH

-          TSH: -         

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

stimulates production of thyroid gland hormones

Follicle-stimulating hormone

promotes egg development or sperm production

Luteinizing hormone

induces ovulation and development/maintenance of the corpus luteum and sex hormone production

-          ACTH: -         

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

increases production and secretion of steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex

Prolactin

1. Protein hormone that prepares mammary glands for lactation and milk production

2. Mediator of the immune system

3. Factor in formation of new blood vessels

GH:

Growth Hormone

1. Governs cell mitosis, synthesis of mRNA, and metabolism 2. Contributes to skeletal growth and development

3. If produced in excess causes giantism

4.Deficiency in childhood leads to dwarfism

What is the function of thyroid gland hormones in humans?

( 3 facts)

1. Promotes normal growth and development of the nervous system and stimulates metabolic rate

2. Concentrates iodine

3. Produces triiodothyronine(T₃), thyroxine(T₄) and calcitonin

What is the function of thyroid gland hormones in Amphibians?

 Supports metamorphosis of larva into adult

What is goiter?

Enlarged thyroid gland due to iodine deficiency

(pic of elderly woman w/ softball sized enlargement in neck)

What is cretinism?

What mineral is necessary for thyroid hormone production?

What hormones are stored and released from the posterior pituitary in humans?

-          PTH: -         

( 3 facts)

Parathyroid hormone

1. maintains calcium homeostasis

2. if low blood calcium, PTH signals the reabsorption of calcium from the kidneys and stimulates the osteoclasts to release Ca from the bones

3. decrease in calcium leads to excitability, muscle spasms, tetany, and death

1. Stimulate constriction of arterioles

2. Mobilize liver glycogen and fat stores to release glucose and fatty acids

3. Increase heart and respiratory rate

4.Inhibit the gastrointestinal tract

 Cortisol: -        

(3 facts)

1. involved in food metabolism, inflammation, and stress

2. promotes synthesis of glucose from amino acids and fat

3. reduces inflammation by suppressing the immune response

-          Glucagon:

Where is PTH produced?

Where is insulin produced?

pancreas

(also glucagon)

Where is Cortisol produced?

Where is  Adrenaline produced?

    adrenal medulla

1.Corticosteroid hormones (Glucocorticoids and Mineralocorticoids)

 Mineralocorticoids

(3 facts)

epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

(5 facts)

1. Horomones of the Adrenal Medula which both..