-          Autotrophic:

-          Heterotrophic:

-          Chemoautotroph (chemotroph):

(1 EX)

gain energy from inorganic chemical reactions

an organism that obtains energy through the oxidation of an inorganic substance, rather than through photosynthesis

EX: bacteria

-          Herbivorous:

-          Carnivorous:

-          Omnivorous:

-          Saprophagous:

-          suspension feeding (some polychaetes)

 use ciliated surfaces to produce currents that draw drifting food particles in

-          filter feeding:

(+2 EXs)

(baleen whales/herring)

use filtering devices that strain food from water

-          deposit feeding(earthworms: ):

Extraction of organic material or detritus from substrate

pass substrate through their bodies, removing nutrients from it

-      (True)  mastication:

 “pre” digestion

grind and pulverize food inside the mouth, using the teeth and jaws

*True mastication (chewing as opposed to tearing) found only among mammals

-          radula:

How would salivary secretions immobilize prey?

-        

  to paralyze/kill prey

Some have numerous bacteria in their saliva, others have organs which secrete toxins that are delivered via saliva or come through their teeth;

List the 4 types of teeth found in mammals and their function.

1.Canine- Seizing, piercing, and tearing.

2.Incissor- biting, cutting, stripping.

3.Premolar- gringing and crushing.

4.Molar- gringing and crushing.

What type of animals feed on fluids?

Parasites

By absorbing nutrients around them

Bite or rasp the tissues of the host

Suck blood

Feed on intestinal contents

Why do leeches and hookworms secrete an anticoagulant?

If you stood inside the body of a sponge, why would you not be digested?

Why do our foods have to be chemically broken down?

-          Peristalsis:

the muscular action which moves food down the gut with waves of contraction of circular muscle behind and relaxation in front of the food mass (bolus)

HUMANS through esophogus to intestines

-          Segmentation:

-          Crop:

storage region for food before digestion

-          Gizzard:

muscular region of mechanical digestion, assisted by stones and grit swallowed along with food

oligochaetes and birds

-          Proventriculus:

functions in mechanical digestion of food

the region between the crop and gizzard in birds;

has chitinous teeth in insects;

-          Villi:

 minute finger-like projections present in the small intestine of birds and mammals

*Most digested food is absorbed by __________of the small intestine

-          Microvilli:

-          Typhlosole:

-          How are Villi, Microvilli, Typhlosole, and Spiral valves all similar?

-          cardiac sphincter:

(2 facts)

1. allows food to enter stomach from the esophagus

2. prevents regurgitation

-          pyloric sphincter:

-          chief cells:

-          parietal cells:

-          goblet cells:

-          pepsinogen:

(3 fatcs)

1.secreted be chief cells.

2.  a substance produced by stomach glands that is converted into pepsin after contact with hydrochloric acid during digestion

3.preferentially splits peptide bonds

4. needs acidic environment of the stomach to operate

-          pepsin

-          bolus:

-          bile:

-          bicarbonate:

Stomach lining is protected by mucosal cells lining it

What are exocrine functions of the pancreas?

(2 functions)

1. Neutralize acidic food

2. produce bile to emulsify fats

Describe functions of the human large intestine:

(3 functions)

1. consolidates undigested material as semisolid feces

2. reabsorption of water

3.may contain rectal glands which absorb water and ions

-          Gastrin:

(4 facts)

1. small polypeptide hormone which is produced by endocrine cells in the pyloric stomach;

2. is released following stimulation by the parasympathetic nervous system or when protein enters the stomach;

3. stimulates HCl secretion and increases gastric motility;

4. unusual - stomach produces it and the stomach is also the target tissue

-         (Cholecystokinin) CCK:

(4 facts)

1. Secreted by endocrine cells in wall of upper small intestine

2. response to fatty acids and amino acids in the duodenum

3. Stimulates release of bile and pancreatic secretions

4. Acts on brain stem to contribute a feeling of satiety(enough or too much), especially after a meal rich in fats

-          Secretin:

(6 facts)

1. 1^st hormone identified;

2. Produced by endocrine cells in the duodenal wall

3. Secreted in response to food and strong acid in the stomach and small intestine

4. Stimulates release of an alkaline pancreatic fluid which neutralizes acidic chyme in small intestine

5. Aids fat digestion by inhibiting gastric motility and increasing bile secretion from liver

6. Other GI hormones are being isolated and some appear to play roles as neurotransmitters in brain

provides for extracellular digestion 

suspension feeding(bivalves and protochordates)

Trap particulate food on mucous sheets that convey food to digestive tract

 suspension feeding (barnicles)

use sweeping movements with legs to convey particles to mouth

-          deposit feeding( some bivalve moluscs and polychaetes):

Use appendages or body movements to gather organic deposits and gain nutrients

Canine-  

Incissor-

Premolar-  

Molar-