Term
| How does the fossil provide evidence of EVOLUTION? |
|
Definition
-Remains & traces of past life
-Fossils
-Transitional Links |
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Term
| How does the fossil provide evidence of BIOGEOGRAPHY? |
|
Definition
-Study of the range & distribution of species t/out the world
-evolved in one locale and spread
-Six biogeographical regions
--barriers prevented mixing species
--continental drift |
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Term
| How does the fossil provide evidence of COMPARATIVE ANATOMY? |
|
Definition
-Common descent=anatomical similarities
-Common ancestry
-Ie. same set of bones organized in similar ways, but dissimilar functions |
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Term
| How does the fossil provide evidence of BIOCHEMISTRY? |
|
Definition
-all orgs use same basic biochemical molecules (DNA, ATP, identical enzymes)
-developmental genes are shared
-degreee of relatedness=similarity b/w DNA base sequences and amino acid sequences |
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Term
| How does the fossil provide evidence of EMBRYOLOGY? |
|
Definition
-Many features in common
-Common ancestry
-Develop basically the same way |
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Term
| Transitional Fossil (Links) |
|
Definition
-Represent evolutionary links between groups
-Evolutionary |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-FOSSIL
-Dinosaur & bird like features
-similar to other transitional link fossils |
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Term
|
Definition
-Same basic structure indicates common ancestry
-Anatomical |
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Term
|
Definition
| -Similar function in separate lineages but differs in anatomy & ancestry |
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Term
|
Definition
| -Anatomical structures full functional in one group and reduced, nonfunctional in another group |
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Term
|
Definition
| -Gene that controls the overall body plan by controlling the fate of groups of cells during development |
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Term
|
Definition
| -The land of the world that was a giant chunk before the continental drift |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-The positions of continents & oceans has shifted through time
-The distribution of fossils & existing species allows us to determine approximate timeline |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| -All members of a species occupying a particular area at the same time |
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Term
|
Definition
| -The SUM total of all alleles of all genes in a population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Movement of alleles between populations
-Keeps the gene pools of two or more populations similar |
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Term
| Population Bottleneck Effect |
|
Definition
-type of genetic drift
-majority of genotypes are prevented from participating in the production of the next generation
-result of a natural disaster or human interference |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| -A few individuals form a colony & their collective genes represent only a fraction of the original gene pool |
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Term
| What are the agents of evolution? |
|
Definition
1) Mutations
2) Genetic drift
3) Gene flow
4) Nonrandom mating-pair up by phenotypes or genotypes
5) Natural selection |
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Term
| How does Lamarck's theory differ from Darwin's? |
|
Definition
Lamarck: Environment = inherited change
-Organisms change over time due to necessary adaptations (giraffes stretch necks to reach food)
Darwin: Descent w/ modifications
-Survival of the fittest
-Various species start, but only some survive due to competition |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-Structure, function, or behavior that is suitable to the environment
-Increases the organism's reproductive success |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Permanent genetic changes
-Raw material for evolutionary change
-Heritable genetic diversity among a population |
|
|
Term
| What are the critical elements of Darwin's natural selection theory? |
|
Definition
-Variations
-Overproduction & struggle for existence
-Survival of the fittest
-Adaptation |
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Term
| Prezygotic Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms |
|
Definition
-In place before fertilization
-Reproduction is never attempted |
|
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Term
| Postzygotic Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms |
|
Definition
-In place after fertilization
-Reproduction may take place after fertilization
-Does not produce fertile offspring |
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|
Term
| How can BEHAVIOR function as an isolating mechanism? |
|
Definition
-Prezygotic mechanisms
-Different species don't recognize sexual cues
--choose member of own species |
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|
Term
| How can HYBRID INFERTILITY function as an isolating mechanism? |
|
Definition
-Postzygotic mechanisms
-Embryo forms but is not viable
-Hybrid is viable, but adult is sterile |
|
|
Term
Divergent feeding habits of Galapagos finches
-Adaptive Radiation? |
|
Definition
-Different beaks to gather and eat different types of food
-Changes of species to adapt to different ways of life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-extreme environments
-prokaryotic cells
-Unique genetic, biochemical, and physiological characterisitcs |
|
|
Term
| Bacteria (Domain of Life) |
|
Definition
| -prokaryotic cells that differ from Archaea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-eukaryotes
-organisms in the kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Domain
-Kingdom
-Phylum
-Class
-Order
-Family
-Genus
-Species |
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|
Term
| How do we denote the scientific name of an organism? |
|
Definition
-Taxonomy
-2 part name: genus & species (meaning)
-Italics, genus capitalized |
|
|
Term
| How are microbes beneficial? |
|
Definition
-Normal microflora on & in our bodies
-Ecosystems
--Decomposers: bacteria and fungi
--Photosynthesis: algae and protists
-Industry
--Food Processing, Medicine, Biotechnology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Gram stain test
-cell walls w/a thick layer of peptidoglycan outside the plasma membrane
-stains PURPLE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Gram stain test
-cell wall is thin (or none) peptidoglycan
-stains PINK |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Protects baterical cells more by a cell wall containing pep. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-The study of microbes
--Bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi, viruses, viroids, and prions |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| -Transfer of genetic material from one cell to another |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| -The taking of extraneous genetic material from the environment to bacteria |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| -Transfer of genetic material between bacteria by viruses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Bacterial reproduction resulting in two daughter cells |
|
|
Term
| What problems can Streptococcus pyogenes cause? |
|
Definition
-Most diseases of any strep
--Pharyngitis: strep throat
--Impetigo: mild skin disease
--Scarlet fever: strain produces red rash
--Rheumatic fever: from endotoxins
--Necrotizing fasciitis: flesh-eating bacteria |
|
|
Term
| What problems can Staphylococcus aureus cause? |
|
Definition
-Skin infections
-sometimes no symptoms
-very young, very old, or immunocompromised |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Killing skin infection
-damages tissues |
|
|
Term
How do tubercles form when a person is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
If a person has a + reaction to TB, are their lungs diseased? |
|
Definition
| -Active lesions in lung cause tubercles from immune response |
|
|
Term
Food Poisoning
-2 types of bacteria |
|
Definition
1)Produce a toxin while growing in food
--Clostridium botulinum
2)Cause an infection while growing in the intestines
--Salmonella |
|
|
Term
How do antibiotics work?
What are the problems related to antibiotic therapy? |
|
Definition
-Antis inhibit bacteria by interfering w/ a unique metabolic pathway
-Potentially fatal allergic reactions, killing off of normal flora, bacterial resistance |
|
|
Term
| Recent outbreak of fungal meningitis is linked to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Live in anaerobic environments
-any archaea that produce methane gas
--Metabolic by-product |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Live in habitats with high temperature and low pH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Found in arsenic-rich, alkaline lake in California |
|
|
Term
What are the major groups of protists?
Are protists eukaryotic or prokaryotic? |
|
Definition
-Algae
-Flagellates: heterotrophic, propel tehmselves
-Ciliates: move cell forward/back
-Amoeboids: form when cytoplasm streams forward in a particular direction
-Sporozoans:Produce spores
-Water & slime molds:"eat" dead organic matter
-Protists are eukaryotic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-golden-brown alga w/ a cell wall in 2 parts
-significant part of phytoplankton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-photosynthetic unicellular protist with two flagella
--1) a whiplash
--2) located w/in a groove b/w protective cellulose plates
-significant part of phytoplankton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Cause of African sleeping sickness
--Transmitted by the tsetse fly
-Cause of chagas disease
--Transmitted by the kissing bug |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-human pathogen
-Causes giardiasis, backpackers disease, travelers diarrhea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-large macronucleus:produces mRNA & directs metabolic functions
-small micronucleus:important for sexual reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Causes amoebic dysentery
-parasite invades the intestinal lining and reproduces there |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -pseudopods extend through openings in test, which covers the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
Toxoplasmosis
How do humans acquire it? |
|
Definition
-Food borne, zoonotic, congenital (mother->child), rare instances
-Caused by Toxoplasma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Caused by parasitic protozoan Plasmodium
--transmitted by mosquitoes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Any disease caused by a fungus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Tinea
-itching & peeling of the skin b/w the toes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Several different fungi
-releases enzymes that degrade keratin & collagen in skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-oral; infection of the mouth
-common in newborns & AIDS patients
-from Candida |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Lung disease
-resembles tuberculosis
-from Histoplasma capsulatum (soil fungus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-S. chartarum
-Exposure to toxins produced by fungus
--Allergies, flulike symptoms, headaches, fatigue, dermatitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Caused by dermatophytes
-Superficial fungi infections of the skin, nails, and hair |
|
|
Term
| Basic structure of a virus |
|
Definition
-smaller than bacteria
-helical, spheres, polyhedrons, complex
1) capsid: outer protects inner core
2) inner: core of nucleic acid
-single or double stranded DNA/RNA
-sometimes, capsid surrounded by envelope (membrane) |
|
|
Term
Why are viruses not considered living?
What determines the specificity of a virus? |
|
Definition
-They are not composed of cells
-acellular
-can only reproduce in a living host |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -SMALL change in the antigenic character of an organism that allows it to avoid attack by the immune system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -MAJOR change in the antigenic character of an organism that alters it to an antigenic strain unrecognized by host immune mechanisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Rhinoviruses: cause colds
-Influenza viruses: flu
-Polio, measles, mumps, Rubella, chickenpox, ebola, HPV, HIV, herpes, smallpox |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Protista
-Unicellular
-Structurally diverse
-May have cell wall
-May have organelles not found in other eukaryotes
-Reproduce asexually
--Sexual reproduction occurs in some
-May form spores
-Complicated life cycles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Heterotrophic
-Most are saprotrophic
--Digestive enzymes are released into the environment and nutrients are absorbed by the hyphae
-Reprodue by spore formation
--Asexually & sexually |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Changes in the allele frequencies of a gene pool due to chance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-some individuals produce more offspring than others
-Requires:
--Individual variation
--Inheritance
--Overproduction
--Differential reproductive success |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Animals |
|
Definition
-Heterotrophic
-Locomotion/movement
-multicellular, high degree of cell specialization
-adult is diploid
-sexual reproduction, w/ embryo undergoing developmental stages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Circular organization
-Can be bisected in any plane to produce mirror images, some sessile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Define right & left halves
-Only a cut down the midline will produce mirror images
-Accompanied by cephalization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Cellular:No true tissues; sponges
-Tissue:Ectoderm & endoderm; cnidarians like hydra
-Organ:Ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm; majority of animals |
|
|
Term
| Protostomes vs. Deuterostomes |
|
Definition
-Animals w/ three layers of tissue
-Differentiated by: Cleavage, fate of blastopore, coelom formation
-Protostomes: flatworms, rotifers, annelids, molluscs, roundworms, & arthropods
-Deuterostomes: echinoderms & chordates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Sponges
-Mostly marine
-No true tissues
-Specialized cells: Choanocytes & Amoebocytes
-Hermaphroditic
-Sexual & Asexual Reproduction
-Filter-feeders: intracellular digestion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Mostly marine
-True tissues: 2 layers
-Hermaphroditic/dioecious species
-Sexual & Asexual Reproduction
-Cnidocytes
-Simple nerve net
-Gastrovascular cavity
--digestion mostly extracellular |
|
|
Term
| Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) |
|
Definition
-Free-living & parasitic species
-3 tissue layers
-Acoelomates
-True organs
-Hermaphroditic
-Sexual & Asexual
-Brain & lateral nerve cords
-Gastrovascular cavity |
|
|
Term
Life cycle of Taenia (Tapeworm)
--Humans eat infected meat |
|
Definition
1) Primary host ingests meat containing bladder worms
2) Bladder worm attaches to human intestine where it matures in to a tapeworm
3)As tapeworm grows,proglottids mature, & eventually fill w/eggs
4)Eggs leave primary host in feces, which may contaminate water/vegitation
5)Livestock may ingest eggs, becoming secondary host
--Each larva becomes a bladder worm
6)Rare/uncooked meat from secondary host contains bladder worms |
|
|
Term
Life cycle of Schistosoma
(parasitic fluke) |
|
Definition
1)Adult worms mating in human host
2)Eggs in liver/organs of human host cause pathologies
3)Miracidium swims toward light & is attracted to secretions from snails
4)Sporocytes in snails
5)Free swimming cercaria
6)Cercaria penetrate skin & develop into schistocomula which mature into adult worms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Primarily freshwater
-Pseudocoelomates
-Very small
-Dioecious
-Sexual & Asexual
-males few in # or absent
-Corona:crown of cilia on head
--used in locomotion & feeding
--leeuwenhoek= "wheel animalcules"
-Many species can desiccate to survive harsh conditions "resurrection animalcules" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Marine, freshwater, and terrestrial
-Gastropods, Bivalves, Cephalopods
-Coelomates
-Complete digestive tract
-Hermaphroditic/dioecious
-Sexual Reproduction
-well developed nervous system
-open circulatory system |
|
|
Term
Annelida
(Segmented worms)
(earthworms) |
|
Definition
-Marine, freshwater, terrestrial,
-Inclue polychaetes, oligochaetes, leeches
-Coelomates
-Hermaaphroditic/Dioecious
-Complete digestive tract
-Closed circulatory system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Free-living
-Parasitic species
-Pseudocoelomates
--Pseudocoelom functions as a hydrostatic skeleton
-Mostly dioecious
-Sexual reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Jointed exoskeleton
-Segmentation
-Well-developed nervous system
-variety of respiratory structures
-reduced competition through metamorphosis |
|
|
Term
| Adaptations of Parasitic Flatworms |
|
Definition
-Specialized body covering resistant to the host's digestive juices
-Well-developed anterior region (scolex) that bears hooks for attachment to host & suckers for feeders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)Visceral Mass:soft-bodied portion that contains internal organs
2)The foot:for locomotion
3)Mantle:Membranous/muscular covering that envelops the visceral mass |
|
|
Term
| How are leeches used medically? |
|
Definition
-Can cut through tissue
-Able to keep blood flowing
-Prevent blood clotting
--substance in their saliva:hirudin |
|
|
Term
Life cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides
(Roundworm) |
|
Definition
1)Eggs are passed w/ host feces (can develop a worm w/in 2 weeks)
2)Eggs then enter a new hosts body via uncooked veggies, soiled fingers, or ingested fecal material and hatch in the intestine
3)Juveniles make their way into the veins & lymphatic vessels & are carried to the heart & lungs
4)Larvae then travel up the trachea where they are swallowed
5) Larvae mature & feed on intestinal contents |
|
|
Term
Life cycle of Trichinella spiralis
(Roundworm) |
|
Definition
-Pork that is not fully cooked or contains encysted larvae
1)After maturation, the female adult burrows into the host's small intestine
2)Deposits live larvae that are then carried by bloodstream & encyst in the skeletal muscles
-Digestive disorders, fatigue, & fever
when in the liver
-When encyst, = aching joints, muscle pain, & itchy skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Caused by a roundworm=filarial worm
--mosquito as intermediate host
1)Mosquito bites, transfers larvae to a new host
2)Adult worms reside in lymphatic vessels so fluid return is impeded
3)Limbs swell to an enormous size |
|
|
Term
| Anthropoda characteristics that have led to its success |
|
Definition
-1 million species (most insects)
1)A rigid but jointed exoskeleton
2)Segmentation
3)Well-developed nervous system
4)Variety of respiratory organs
5)Reduced competition through metamorphosis |
|
|
Term
| Why are some arachnids medically important? |
|
Definition
-Spiders
-Malpighian tubules work in conjuction w/ rectal glands to reabsorb ions & water before a relatively dry nitrogenous wast (uric acid) is excreted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Vertebrates
-Bilateral
-Endoskeleton
-Complete digestive system
-Ventral heart
-Closed blood system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Having a well-recognized anterior head w/ a brain & sensory receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Animal that tends to stay in one place |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Determinant in protostomes; if each can contribute to development in one particular way
-Indeterminant in deuterosotomes if seperated from one another
-Cell division w/o cytoplasmic addition or enlargement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Opening into the primitive guy formed as gastrulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Embryonic body cavity lying b/w the digestive tract & the body wall that is completely lined by mesoderm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Animals having both male & female sex organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Reproductive units that are female AND male |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Reproductive units that are female OR male |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Specialized stinging cells of cnidarians |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -In cnidarians, a capsule that contains a threadlike fiber whose release aids in the capture of prey |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Freshwater worms
--lakes, ponds, streams, springs
-feed on living or dead orgs
-excretory systems
-ladderlike nervous system
-Sexual & Asexual reproduction
-Hermaphroditic
-slice one in half, two new will grow
-cross-fertilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Thickened glandular section of the body wall in earthworms and leeches
-Secretes a viscid sac in which the eggs are deposited |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Penis of one organism is inserted into the genital pore of the other (and vice versa)
-Reciprocal transfer of sperm takes place |
|
|
Term
Characteristic of Echinoderms
-Sea star
-Sea cucumber
-Sea urchin |
|
Definition
-Marine animals
-Endoskeleton made of calcium-rich plates
-Spines stick of their skin
-Unique water vascular system
-Adults exhibit radial symmetry
-Larvae are bilaterally symmetrical
-Mostly dioecious
-Sexual & Asexual Reproduction
--Autonomy and regeneration |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Chordates |
|
Definition
-Notochord: supporting rod
-dorsal tubular nerve cord
-Pharyngeal pouches
-Postanal tail: beyond anus
-Thyroid gland or endostyle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Fish, amphibians, birds, mammals, reptiles
-Notochord is replaced by vertebral column
-Chordate characteristics at some time in their life history
-strong, jointed endoeskeleton
-2 pairs of appendages
-closed circulatory system
-high degree of cephalization
-evolution of jaws
-efficient respiration & excretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Tunicates & Lancelets
-No serial arrangement of a vertebrate |
|
|
Term
| Cartilaginous Fish (Chondrichthyes) |
|
Definition
-First to develop jaws
-Sharks, rays, skates
-Skeletons of cartilage
-Ability to sense electric currents
-Lateral line system
-Keen sense of smell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-First to have jointed appendages
-First to invade land
-Live on land and in water
-4 limbs
-Eyelids, ears, voice producing larynx
-Larval stages in water, adult on land |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Terrestrial adaptations for reprod.
-Hard scales
-Tongue as a sense organ
-Lung protected by a rib cage
-2 chambers of the heart
-Ventricle division varies
-Some lay eggs, some give birth
-Amniotic eggs (leathery)
-Ectothermic: body temp.=external temp. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Terrestrial adaptations for reprod.
-Part of the reptilia
-Legs have scales
-Feathers are modified reptilian scales
-Lay amniotic eggs (Hard)
-Some birds fly, some don't
-Beaks and legs
-Endothermic (interal temp. constant)
-Acute sense organs
-Intricate nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Terrestrial adaptations for reprod.
-Evolved from reptiles
-Body hair
-Milk producing mammary glands
-Endothermic
-Efficient respiratory & circulatory
-Females can feed young
-Double-loop circulation-4 chambered <3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Type of primitive invertebrate chordate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Invertebrate chordate w/ a body that resembles a lancet & has the 4 chordate characteristics as an adult |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Cylindrical, up to a meter long
-Smooth, scaleless skin
-No jaws
-No paired fins
-Hagfishes, lampreys |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Most numerous & diverse
-Paired fins (ray-finned)
--swim bladder
--streamlined shape, fins, & muscle
--bony scales
--single-circuit respiratory system
-Lobe-finned fish (->amphibians)
--fleshy appendages (land locomotion)
--lung |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Cloaca: digestive tract=chamber for feces, excretory waste, & sex cells
-Hard-shelled amniotic eggs
-Spiny anteater & platypus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Begin development in female
-Newborns use mom's pouch for more development
-Koalas, Virginia opossum, kangaroos, tasmanian devil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Extraembryonic membranes
-Development in uterus of female
-Land animals (except marine mammals)
-Limbs allow them to move rapidly
-Lungs expand by rib cage & contraction of diaphragm
-Endothermic
-Brain is developed and enlarged
-Differentiated teeth
-Herbivore, carnivore, or omnivore
-Classified bc of how obtain food & mode of locomotion
-Human, mice, dog, bat, horse, whale |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Primates |
|
Definition
-Arboreal life (life in trees)
-Mobile-hands&feet: 5 digits each
-Opposable thumb and toe
-Nails instead of claws
-Snout shortened, eyes to move to front of head
-Stereoscopic vision (depth perception)
-One birth at a time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)Prosimians-Lemurs, tarsiers, lorises
2)Anthropoids-Monkeys, apes, humans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Egg that has an amnion
--extraembyronic membrane
--enclosed, fluid-filled sac
-Development of reptiles, birds, & mammals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Not a part of the embryo, but is necessary to the continued existence & health of the embryo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Extraembyronic membrane functioning for respiratory exchange in birds & reptiles
-Placenta formation in mammals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Extraembyronic membrane that encloses the yolk of birds; in humans
-First site of blood cell formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Extraembyronic membrane that accumulates nitrogenous waste in birds & reptiles
-Formation of umbilical blood vessels in mammals |
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