Term
| 1. The basic unit of an experiment upon which the treatment is applied. |
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Definition
| 1. What is the individual. |
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Term
2. An experimental condition where neither the subjects nor the diagnosticians know which treatment each
subject received. |
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Definition
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Term
3. A weakness in experiments where the setting of the experiment does not realistically duplicate the
conditions we really want to study. |
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Definition
| 3. What is lack of realism. |
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Term
| 4. An experimental design where all experimental units are assigned at random to treatments. |
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Definition
| 4. What is completely randomized. |
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Term
| 5. A study in which treatments are imposed on the individuals before responses are measured. |
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Definition
| 5. What is an experiment. |
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Term
6. The grouping of experimental units according to some similar characteristic. The random allocation is
carried out separately within each group. |
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Definition
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Term
7. A treatment where no experimental condition or a placebo treatment is applied to the units in order to
determine whether the active treatments work. This enables the researcher to “control” lurking variables. |
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Definition
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Term
| 8. A study in which data are gathered without imposing treatments on the individuals. |
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Definition
| 8. What is an observational study. |
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Term
| 9. A variable that is studied to determine whether it affects (explains) the outcomes of a study. |
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Definition
| 9. What is the explanatory variable. |
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Term
10. A variable that has an effect on the response variable but is not of interest to the researcher and yet must be
taken into account. |
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Definition
| 10. What is a lurking variable. |
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Term
| 11. The response of patients to any treatment that has no physical effect. |
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Definition
| 11. What is placebo effect. |
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Term
12. A method of assigning experimental units to treatment groups that eliminates bias and gives each unit the
same probability of being assigned to any treatment group. |
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Definition
| 12. What is randomization. |
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Term
13. Results of a study that differ too much from what we expected because of randomization to attribute to
chance. |
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Definition
| 13. What is statistically significant. |
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Term
14. A situation where the effect of one variable on the response variable cannot be separated from the effect of
another variable on the response variable. |
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Definition
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Term
| 15. The application all the treatments to more than one individual within an experiment. |
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Definition
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Term
| 1. Type of sampling required for inference. |
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Definition
| 1. What is a probability sample. |
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Term
| 2. Using results from a sample to draw conclusions about the entire population. |
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Definition
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Term
3. A sampling scheme where the population has been divided into strata according to some characteristic and a
simple random sample is selected from each strata. |
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Definition
| 3. What is a stratified sample. |
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Term
| 4. A sample selected using a random device and not human subjectivity. |
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Definition
| 4. What is a probability sample. |
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Term
5. A method of sample selection that consists of people choosing themselves by responding to a general
appeal. |
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Definition
| 5. What is a voluntary response sample. |
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Term
| 6. A condition that occurs when the design of a study systematically favors certain outcomes. |
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Definition
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Term
| 7. The entire group of individuals about whom we desire to collect information. |
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Definition
| 7. What is the population of interest. |
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Term
| 8. A subgroup of the population that we actually examine and about whom we gather information. |
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Definition
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Term
9. A sample of size n selected from the population in such a way that each possible sample of size n has an
equally likely chance of being selected. |
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Definition
| 9. What is a simple random sample or SRS. |
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Term
10. A sample type where the researcher contacts those subjects who are readily available and does not use any
random selection. |
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Definition
| 10. What is a convenience sample. |
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Term
| 1. An observation that falls outside the overall pattern of the data set. |
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Definition
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Term
| 2. A measure for the center of the data that “balances” the data. |
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Definition
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Term
| 3. A measure of the center of data that splits the data in half. |
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Definition
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Term
| 4. A location measure of the data that has one fourth or 25% of the data below it. |
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Definition
| 4. What is the first quartile or Q1. |
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Term
| 5. A location measure of the data that has one fourth or 25% of the data above it. |
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Definition
| 5. What is the third quartile or Q3. |
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Term
| 1. The symbol for sample mean. |
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Definition
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Term
| 2. The symbol for population or distribution mean. |
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Definition
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Term
| 3. The symbol for response variable. |
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Definition
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Term
| 4. The symbol for explanatory variable. |
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Definition
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Term
| 5. The symbol for sample standard deviation. |
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Definition
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Term
| 6. The symbol for population or distribution standard deviation. |
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Definition
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Term
| 7. The symbol for correlation coefficient. |
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Definition
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Term
| 8. The symbol for sample size. |
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Definition
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Term
| 9. The symbol for the first quartile. |
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Definition
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Term
| 10. The symbol for the third quartile. |
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Definition
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Term
| 1. A representative measure of the deviations of the data about the mean. |
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Definition
| 1. What is standard deviation. |
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Term
| 2. The maximum observation minus the minimum observation. |
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Definition
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Term
| 3. A measure of the “average” or typical deviation of the observations about the mean. |
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Definition
| 3. What is standard deviation. |
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Term
| 4. The difference between the third quartile (Q3) and the first quartile (Q1). |
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Definition
| 4. What is interquartile range or IQR. |
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Term
| 5. The measure of variability that should be used for strongly skewed data or data with outliers. |
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Definition
| 5. What is interquartile range. |
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Term
| 1. A curve that is mound shaped symmetric used to model data from measurements on animal species. |
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Definition
| 1. What is a Normal distribution. |
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Term
| 2. A normal distribution that has a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one. |
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Definition
| 2. What is the standard Normal distribution. |
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Term
| 3. A measure of the number of standard deviations of a value or observation from the mean. |
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Definition
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Term
| 4. In a Normal distribution, the percentages of values that are within one standard deviation of the mean. |
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Definition
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Term
| 5. In a Normal distribution, the percentage of values that are within two standard deviations of the mean. |
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Definition
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Term
| 1. A graph for categorical data. |
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Definition
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Term
2. A plot of data that incorporates the maximum observation, the minimum observation, the first quartile, the
second quartile (median) and the third quartile. |
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Definition
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Term
| 3. A distribution where the left side of the distribution extends in a long tail. |
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Definition
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Term
| 4. A list of the possible values of a variable together with the frequencies of each value. |
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Definition
| 4. What is a distribution. |
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Term
| 5. The shape of a distribution where the mean exceeds the median. |
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Definition
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Term
| 6. A plot used to provide a picture of one variable quantitative data |
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Definition
| 6. What is a stemplot, a dotplot, a histogram or a boxplot. |
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Term
| 7. The shape of a histogram where the median exceeds the mean. |
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Definition
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Term
| 8. The shape of a histogram where the mean equals the median. |
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Definition
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Term
| 9. The recommended plot for displaying small quantitative data sets. |
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Definition
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Term
| 10. The preferred measures of spread and center for strongly skewed distributions or distributions with outliers. |
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Definition
| 10. What are median and interquartile range. |
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