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BYU GEO120 Exam 1
Globalization and Diversity
83
Geography
Undergraduate 1
09/12/2012

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Term
bubble economy
Definition
A highly inflated economy that cannot be sustained. Bubble economies usually reesult from rapid influx of international capital into a developing country.
Term
centrifugal forces
Definition
Cultural and political forces - such as liinguistic minorities, separatists, and fringe groups - that pull away from and weaken an existing nation-state.
Term
centripetal forces
Definition
Cultural and political forces - such as shared sense of history, a centralized economic structure, and the need for military security - that promote unity in a nation-state.
Term
colonialism
Definition
formal, established (mainly historical) rule over local peoples by a larger imperialist government for the expansion of political and economic empire.
Term
core-periphery model
Definition
A conceptualization of the world into two economic spheres. The developed countries of western Europe, North America and Japan form the dominant core, with less developed countries making up the periphery. Implicit in the mode is that the core gained its wealth at the expense of peripheral countries.
Term
Cultural Nationalism
Definition
A Process of protecting, either formally (with laws) or informally (with social values), the primary of a certain cultural system against influences (real or imagined) from another culture.
Term
Globalization
Definition
The increasing interconnections of people and places throughout the world through converging processes of economic, political and cultural change.
Term
Human Development Index
Definition
The the past three decades, the UN has tracked social development in the world's countries through the HDI, which combines data on life expectancy, literacy, educational attainment, gender equality, and income
Term
Lingua Franca
Definition
Agreed upon common language to facilitate communication on specific topics succh as international business, politics, sports or entertainment.
Term
nation-state
Definition
A relatively homogenous cultural group (a nation) with its own political territory (the state).
Term
Population pyramid
Definition
The structure of a population, which includes the percentage of young and old, is presented graphically as a population pyramid. This graph plots the percentage of all different age groups along a vertical axis that divides the population into male and female.
Term
rate of natural increase
Definition
The standard statistic used to express natural population growth per year for a country,
Term
total fertility rate (TFR)
Definition
The average number of children who will be borne by women of a hypothetical, yet statistically valid, population, such as that of a specific cultural group or within a particular country. More reliable than crude birthrate.
Term
biome
Definition
Ecologically inteactive flora and fauna adapted to a specific environment. ie deserts and tropical rainforests.
Term
bioregion
Definition
A spatial unit or region of local plants and animals adapted to a specific environment, such as a tropical savannah.
Term
climate region
Definition
A region of similar climatic conditions. An example is the marine west coast climate regions found on the west coasts of North America and Europe.
Term
climograph
Definition
A graph of average annual temperature and precipitation data by month and season.
Term
desertification
Definition
The spread of desert conditions into semiarid areas due to improper management of the land.
Term
global warming
Definition
An increase in the temperature of the earth's atmosphere
Term
Green Revolution
Definition
highly productive agricultural techniques developed since the 1960s that entail the use of new hybrid plant varieties combined with large applicants of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Generally applied to agricultural changes in developing countries, particularly India.
Term
Greenhouse Effect
Definition
The natural process of lower atmospheric heating that results from the trapping of incoming and reradiated solar energy by water moisture, clouds and other atmospheric gases.
Term
apartheid
Definition
The policy of racial separateness that directed the separate residential and work spaces for white, blacks, coloureds, and Indians in South Africa. Abolished in 1944.
Term
Berlin Conference
Definition
1884. Divided African into European colonial territories. The boundaries satisfied European ambition but ignored indigenous cultural affiliations. Many civil rights conflict can be traced to this.
Term
clan
Definition
Larger than a family, smaller than a tribe
Term
pastoralist
Definition
nomadic shepherds
Term
Sahel
Definition
Semi-arid land on the southern border of the Sahara desert
Term
Swidden
Definition
Slash and burn farming practice. The process of burning and mixing ash into soil gets minerals and nitrients back into soil
Term
Globalization and Culture
Definition
Global consumer culture reduces local diversity.
Creates tension between traditional and globalizing currents.
Non-material culture affected: language, movie phrases, social values.
Term
Geopolitics
Definition
Essential part of globalization not restricted by territorial or natural boundaries.
Term
Social dimension of globalization
Definition
Migration has dratically changed demographics of US and Europe.
Term
Supporters of Globalization
Definition
-Enhances competition
-Believe poor countries will eventually catch up to advanced countries
-Argue that sweatshops promote indutry
Term
World Bank
Definition
Primary finction is to make loans to poor countries to invest in infrastructure and economic foundations
Term
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Definition
Short term loans to those who are struggling
Term
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Definition
Smaller organization, works to reduce trade barriers between countries
Term
Critics of Globalization
Definition
-Benefits rich, not poor.
-Not natural
-In the US, wealthiest 10% reap benefits, poorest 10% have decline in income or jobs lost to outsourcing
Term
Middle ground on Globalization
Definition
-Economic Globalization is unavoidable
-Critics use globalization to support their campaign against it!
Term
Consequences of Diversity
Definition
The world is becoming blandly homogenous as different places, peoples and environments lose thier distinctive character and become indistinguishable from their neighbors.
Term
Harmattan
Definition
Dry, dusty air that looks like fog, comes off the Sahara Desert and deposits dirt and dust far away.
Term
Population momentum
Definition
If Chad's TFR changed from 6.0 to 2.1 suddenly, the population would continue to grow before it tapered off.
Term
Tropics
Definition
between 23.5 degrees north and south; only place on earht where the sun will be directly over your head.
Term
Inter-Tropic Conversion Zone
Definition
-Low pressure area along the equator
-Solar Radiation moves pressure north in the summer, south in the winter
Term
Culture
Definition
learned and shared behavior by a group of people empowering them with a way of life
Term
Major powers in colonialism
Definition
British, French, Portuguese and Belgians
Term
Changga
Definition
Group of people who live on Kilimanjaro along the border of the Kilimanjaro National Park (about 6000 feet above sea level)
Term
Highest peak on Kilimanjaro
Definition
Kibo
Term
Two smaller peaks on Kilimajaro
Definition
Shira and Mawenzi
Term
Characteristics of high pressure
Definition
-sunny skies
-pushes air down
-Holds more moisture, clouds disappear and then it warms up
Term
Characteristics of low pressure
Definition
-cloudy, rainy
-cools down
-begins to rise
Term
Insolation
Definition
Incoming solar radiation. Tropics get more of this than anywhere else
Term
How is globalization driving a fundamental reorganization of economics and cultures?
Definition
-instantaneous global communication
-growth of transnational corporations
-spread of Western consumer habits
Term
Global geopolitical issues
Definition
-terrorism at the top, triggered by local groups with limited agendas
-ethnic strife
-border disputes
-movements for regional autonomy and independence
Term
The four main population and settlement issues in developing regions of the world
Definition
-rapid population growth
-family planning
-migration to new centers of economic activity
-rapid urbanization
Term
Major theme in cultural geography
Definition
Tension between forces of global homogenization and the countercurrents of local and ethnic identity. Small groups are setting themselves apart and emphasizing their own culture.
Term
Effects of cultural tension on geopolitics
Definition
-global terrorism
-ethnic stife
-territorial disputes
-border tensions due to cultural differences
-new military approach required
Term
Dominating theme of economic and social development
Definition
The increasing disparity between rich and poor.
Term
What drives global environmental change?
Definition
Human activities. Most are largely beneficial, like irrigation. But some are negative, like global warming from fossil fuel use.
Term
Positive aspects of globalization
Definition

-Sharing of information

-Increased awareness of environmental issues

-Facilitates a new willingness of countries to work together to solve enironmental problems

Term
Critcis of globalization
Definition
-economic globalization is responsible for increased environmental degradation
Term
Africa is called the _____________ continent because it is dominated by extensive uplifted plains.
Definition
Plateau
Term
Fastest growing region in Africa
Definition
Sub-Sahara. Also the pooret region, 3/4 of population lives on less thn $2 a day.
Term
Diversity of Sub-Saharan Africa
Definition
Extremely diverse region, multi-ethnic and multi-religious societies are the norm.
Term
Formerly conflict ridden areas of Africa that currently coexist peacefully.
Definition
Angola, Sierra Leone, Liberia and Democratic Republic of Congo
Term
Areas of Arica that have ongoing territorial disputes.
Definition
Sudan, Congo and Somolia. These countries have produced millions of refugees.
Term
Sub-Saharan Africa's global economy.
Definition
Weak. 12% of world population, but only about 2% of the world's eceonomic activity. Most tie comes from aid or loans, not trade. China is starting to invest in this area.
Term
Africa's most pressing issue
Definition
Poverty.
Term
Culture hearth
Definition
An area of historical cultural innovation
Term
Hajj
Definition
An Islamic religious pilgrimage to Makkah. One of five essential pillars of the Muslim creed to be undertaken once in life, if an individual is physically and financially able to do it.
Term
hydropolitics
Definition
The interplay of water resource issues and politics
Term
Islamic fundamentalism
Definition
A movement within both the Shiite and Sunni Muslim traditions to return to a more conservative, religious-based society and state. Often associated with a rejection of Western culture and with a political aim to merge civic and religious authority.
Term
Maghreb
Definition
A region in northwestern Africa that includes portions of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia.
Term
Medina
Definition
The original urban core of a traditional Islamic city.
Term
Pastoral nomadism
Definition
A traditional subsistence agricultural system in which practitioners depend on the seasonal movements of livestock within marginal natural environments.
Term
Shiites
Definition
Muslims who practice one of the two main branches of Islam. Shiites are especially dominant in IRan and nearby southern Iraq.
Term
Sunnis
Definition
Muslims who practice the dominant branch of Islam.
Term

theocratic state

or theocracy

Definition
A political state led by religious authorities.
Term
Dominant religions in SW Asia and N Africa
Definition
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
Term
SW Asia and N Africa global role
Definition
Critical role in world history and in processes of globalization that bind the planet together ever more tightly
Term
Spatial diffusion
Definition
The process by which a concept, practice or substance spreads from its point of origin to new territories
Term
Relocation diffusion
Definition
A group starts in one area, part of it moves elsewhere. IE The Church moving to Utah, the Spanish to America
Term
Contagious expansion
Definition
Distance-controlled spreading of an idea, innovation, or some other item thru direct contact
Term
Hierarchal expansion
Definition
idea or innovation spreads by trickling down from larger to smaller areas
Term
Expansion diffusion
Definition
Spreadking of an innovation or idea through a fix population in such a way that the number of those adopting grows continuously larger.
Term
Five Pillars of Islam
Definition
Daily Prayer
Trip to Mecca
Statement of faith
Alms
Ramadam
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