Term
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Definition
| The study of space and place. The study of the WHY of the WHERE |
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Term
| What do geographers study? |
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Definition
- Where things are located on the earth's crust
- Why things are located in certain places
- How places differ from one another
- How people interact with the environment |
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Term
| Two principle branches of Geography |
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Definition
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Term
| Physical Geography focuses on... |
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Definition
| Climates, landforms, vegetation, soils, and water. Forecast weather, manage land and water resources, and analyze and plan for forests, rangelands and wetlands. |
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Term
| Human Geography focuses on... |
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Definition
| how people and their activities are distributed in space and how they use space on earth's surface. Urban and regional planning, transportation and tourism. |
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Term
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Definition
- Atmosphere
- Biospere
- Hydrosphere
- Lithosphere |
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Term
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Definition
Water realm of the earth
+ Ocean, rivers, etc
- Drought, flood |
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Term
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Definition
Solid mineral realm, crust plus uppermost part of earth's mantle
+ rock, soil
- volcanic activity, earthquakes |
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Definition
Plants and animals
+ organic materials that contribute to healthy earth
- endangered species, habitat loss, deforestation
- framentation of species rapidly diminishes numbers |
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Term
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Definition
Envelope of gases that encircle the earth
+ oxygen
- Global warming, inversion |
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Term
| What is the name of the earth's shape? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Pole to pole 7,900
Equator 7927 |
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Term
| First person to use word Geography |
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Definition
Erasthenes.
-devised latitude and longitude
-calculated earth's tilt relative to sun (23.5 degrees)
-devised leap year
- calculated earth's circumference |
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Term
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Definition
Like the lines of a ladder.
Measures north-south from the equator.
Also called parallels
about 69 miles per degree
Goes to 90 degrees |
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Term
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Definition
Measures east-west. Prime Meridian is 0 degrees
Also called meridians.
Up to 180 degrees |
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Term
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Definition
Equator
Tropic of Cancer
Tropic of Capricorn
Arctic Circle
Anarctic Circle
North Pole
South Pole |
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Term
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Definition
Starting point for measuring lattitude
Exactly midway between the poles |
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Term
Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn
"The Tropics" |
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Definition
-23.5 degrees north and south from the equator
-North of the Tropic of Cancer, the sun will never be directly over your head
-Vertical rays of the sun are between the Tropics because the sun is high all year round |
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Term
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Definition
Prime meridian and International Dateline.
They go from pole to pole
Int'l dateline opposite the prime meridian |
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Term
| Location of Prime Meridian |
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Definition
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Term
| How long is a calendar day? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Any line that divides the planet into two equal halves -Equator -Circle of illumination -Prime meridian if combined with int'l dateline |
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Term
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Definition
| The earth makes one rotation on its axis every 24 hours (it rotates eastward on its axis) |
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Term
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Definition
| Earth makes one revolution around the sun every 364.25 days |
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Term
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Definition
March 21, September 21
-Suns rays are on the equator
-12 hour day and 12 hour night over the whole earth. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Graph that shows vertical rays for every day of the year (similar to figure 8) |
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Term
| Earth's orbit is more _________ than ________ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Point where planet is farthest from the sun.
July 4th - 94.5 million miles from the sun
Ang layo |
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Term
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Definition
Point when earth is closest to the sun
-Jan 3rd, 91.5 million miles |
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Term
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Definition
Every time zone is 15 degrees wide (at equator)
Earth rotates 15 degrees every hour
The middle of every zone is based on 15 degrees longitude |
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Term
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Definition
Opposite.
Reverse the latitude - north becomes south
Subtract longitude from 180 |
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Term
| Rays of the sun on equator |
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Definition
| March 21 and September 21 |
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Term
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Definition
| Lighthouse that was built after Scilly Island crash. Captian Chavel |
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Term
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Definition
| Harrison is the clockmeter who invented the chronometer. Based on 15 degrees per longitude. |
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Term
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Definition
-General Reference
-drawn to scale
-projections
-Isolines (countour intervals)
-Remote sensing and GIS |
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Term
| What is included in a general reference map? |
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Definition
| Major lakes, cities, airports |
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Term
| What is a type of thematic map? |
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Definition
-Political map
-bird migration map
-it's a map that tells a story or history of something |
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Term
| What are the types of scale maps? |
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Definition
-Large scale, shows small area with lots of detail
-Small scale, shows large area with a little detail |
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Term
| What the two types of map projections? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Has meridian and parallels crossing each other at right angle, just like on a globe. The farther you get away from the equator, the greater the distortion of the land area. |
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Term
| Equivalence map projection |
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Definition
| Depicts accurate size of land masses, but the shape is distorted |
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Term
| Cylndrical map projection |
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Definition
| similar to conformal - imagine cylinder of paper wrapped around an illuminated globe, only touching at the equator. |
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Term
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Definition
| flat paper plate, touching earth at one point.Usually the view from the arctic or antartic. The perimeter curves away, so the edges are distorted. |
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Term
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Definition
| flat paper, shape into cone, draw earth, lay flat. Most common state map. Curves at top and bottom reflect cone shape |
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Term
| Interrupted map projection |
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Definition
| similar to orange peel peeled in one piece. Maintain the shape and mass. Areas of distortion are in the ocean and cut out. Looks like you cut up a globe and then laid it flat. |
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Term
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Definition
| Contour lines, which connect points of equal value, like elevation |
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Term
| We use this instead of sextants |
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Definition
| GPS. Global positioning systems. Three points can determine location within a few yeards. Uses satellites |
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Term
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Definition
| Any recording device that does not come in contact with the earth. Can determine temp of the ocean |
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Term
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Definition
| ○ Library of information that allows user to collect, retrieve, reorganize, and display geographic data from the real world. ○ Layers showing zoning, flood planes, wetlands, land cover, soils, survey control |
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Term
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Definition
| sun > Evaporation from water > transipration from plants > condensation > precipitation > Transporation/advection (clouds move from over water to over mountains > inflitration into the earth > Runoff - oversaturated earth |
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Term
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Definition
water realm of the earth.
Oceans have 97.2% of earths water
Glaciers 2%
Groundwater .5%
Lakes and rivers comprise .2% |
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Term
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Definition
1 - Pacific 64 mil sq mile
2 - Atlantic 32 mil sq mile
3 - Indian 28 mil sq mile
4 - Arctic 5 mil sq mile |
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Term
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Definition
1. Nile
2. Amazon
3. Mississippi-Missouri
4. Yangtze
5. Ob |
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Term
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Definition
1. Caspian Sea
2. Lake Superior
3. Lake Victoria
4. Lake Huron
5. Lake Michigan |
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Term
| Local lakes/dams on Colorado River |
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Definition
| Lake Mead and Lake Powell. |
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Term
| How much water does Lake Powell lose to absorption and evaporation? |
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Definition
| 600,000 acre feet per year. |
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Term
| How much water do US golf courses consume? |
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Definition
| Two billion gallons every day. |
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Term
| A nation that destroys its _____ destroys itslef. |
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Definition
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Term
| Soil is part of earth's __________. |
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Definition
| Lithosphere. Earth's crust and uppermost part of mantle. |
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Term
| Average depths of soil on continental surfaces. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the study of soil called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is soil mainly composed of? |
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Definition
| weathered particles of rock and organic material |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Organic layer of soil.
Plant material.
Not all soils have O horizon. |
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Term
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Definition
Organic material, dark color
"Topsoil"
most plants germinate here |
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Term
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Definition
| Very fine soil and minerals |
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Term
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Definition
Materials from E & A have been washed down into and collect.
"Subsoil" |
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Term
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Definition
| Partially weathered or decayed, broken up bedrock, no nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
Rock. Solid Rock.
Once exposed, weathering will eventually turn it into A or O. |
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Term
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Definition
| Horizons O - C. (no rock horizon) |
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Term
| Which soil horizons are considered part of the soil? |
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Definition
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Term
| Five soil-forming factors |
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Definition
1. Parent Material
2. Climate
3. Time
4. Topography
5. Biology |
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Term
| Parent material in forming soil |
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Definition
| The parent rock determines the quality of soil it become (after weathering). Ex. Quartz produces low calcium soil, grazing animals will have weak bones. |
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Term
| How does climate affect soil formation? |
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Definition
| Rock breaks down more quickly in a warm humid dry environment than in a cool, dry, area. Tropical soils are very deep before you reach bedrock. |
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Term
| How does time affect soil formation? |
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Definition
New soils lack nutrients. Intermediate-aged soils are more fertile. Old soil is leached of nutrients.
It can take 1,000 years to generate an inch of soil. Tropical areas - an inch every few decades. |
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Term
| How does topography affect soil formation? |
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Definition
| Flat areas have deep soils, mountain sides have shallow soils* (slopes loses soils as it gradually migrates downward.) |
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Term
| How does biology affect soil formation? |
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Definition
| Burrowing activities are beneficial, allowing oxygen and water down into the ground and bedrock |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Red-iron
yellow-aluminum or sulphur
dark brown-lots of organic material
white-salt |
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Term
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Definition
Sand - largest
soil - intermediate
silt - smallest |
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Term
| Which soil types do not retain water? |
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Definition
Sand and silt.
Clay retain water, and is very thick. |
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Term
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Definition
| Has substantial amounts of sand, silt and clay. Best for agriculture because it is well-drained. |
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Term
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Definition
Clay particles are flat.
Negative charge.
Roots absorb ion, becomes nutrient. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most fertile and productive soil order. Dominant natural vegetation is grass. |
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Term
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Definition
| Great plains of USA, Pampas region of Argentina. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ash produces this very fertile soil. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Materials are transported in by water. Newly forming soils. not very fertile. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Arid areas. Almost white because of salt deposits. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nevada, Arizona, Mesopotamia |
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Term
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Definition
| Leached and Acidic. Pine needles make it worse. Bluberries need acidic soils. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tropical rainforest environments. No nutrients on top, leached. Terrible for farming. Slash and burn agriculture to create ash. |
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Term
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Definition
| Soil, the mineral realm of the earth |
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Term
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Definition
| surface features of the earth |
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Term
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Definition
| topographic features. Cliffs, beach, sandbar, ocean floor, volcanoes, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Elevation differences. High relief - mountain Low relief - plains |
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Term
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Definition
| shows elevation difference on a map. |
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Term
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Definition
| "The present is the key to the past." Observation of events taking place today shows us what has been happening for millions of years. Valid, but incomplete. |
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Term
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Definition
| Originator of uniformitarianism |
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Term
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Definition
| Populized Huttons idea of uniformitarianism |
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Term
| Processes that produce landforms |
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Definition
| Volcano eruptions; fluvials (running water); Eolion (wind); Glaciation (movement transforms and pulverizes rock); weathering; mass wasting; coastal process |
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Term
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Definition
| A solid, impermeable area underlying or overlying an aquifer |
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Term
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Definition
| An underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, or silt) from which groundwater can be usefully extracted using a water well. |
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Term
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Definition
| Water located beneath the earth's surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. |
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Term
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Definition
| The flow of water, from rain, snow melt, or other sources, over land |
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Term
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Definition
| Loam is soil composed of sand, silt, and clay in relatively even concentration (about 40-40-20% concentration respectively).[ |
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Term
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Definition
| A well drilled through impermeable strata to reach water capable of rising to the surface by internal hydrostatic pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| A general term including many combinations of one or more clay minerals with traces of metal oxides and organic matter |
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Term
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Definition
| The boudary between the crust and the mantle, where earths rocks become much denser |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
High Relief - Mountains
Low Relief - Plains |
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Term
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Definition
| 200 to 50 miles below the earth's crust |
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Term
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Definition
| A naturally occurring substance that is solid and stable at room temperature, representable by a chemical formula |
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Term
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Definition
| The crust is the outermost solid shell of a rocky planet or natural satellite, which is chemically distinct from the underlying mantle |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| oxygen plus other element |
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Term
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Definition
| Sulfur plus another element |
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Term
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Definition
| derives from salty minerals |
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Term
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Definition
| non-compound elements like gold |
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