Term
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Definition
| resistance to pathogens due to physiological properties of humans |
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Term
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Definition
nonspecific, stops things from coming in
skin
mucous membranes
chemicals |
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Term
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Definition
non-specific, defends after they're in the body, most of it from blood, 5 ways:
phagocytosis,
extracellular killing be leukocytes,
nonspecific chemical defenses,
inflammation,
fever |
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Term
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Definition
specific defense
lymphocytes, antibodies |
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Term
| skin: physical components |
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Definition
microbial hell (large intestine=microbial heaven)
2 layers:
epidermis, dermis |
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Term
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Definition
tightly packed cells
sheds 10 billion cells per day (removing microbes too)
epidermal dendritic cells/ Langerhans cells: phagocytize pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
| contains callogen- gives strength to resist abrasions which could introduce pathogens |
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Term
| Skin: chemical components of defense |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
salty -> hypertonic solution
lysozyme -> cuts cross links in cell walls |
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Term
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Definition
pliable- less likely to tear
lower pH: inhibits most bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
2 layers:
epithelium
connective layer that supports epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
| living cells, tightly packed, continually shedding cells |
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Term
| microbial antagonism- 5 reasons that make it hard for pathogens to compete |
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Definition
secrete antimicrobial substances
consume all the nutrients
change pH
helps stimulate 2nd line of defense
give vitamins to host |
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Term
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Definition
lacrimal glands bathe eye
saliva
stomach acid |
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Term
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Definition
| water, electrolytes, dissolved gasses, nutrients, proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| part of plasma, only antibodies |
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Term
| formed elements definition and 3 types |
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Definition
cells and cell fragments in blood
erythrocytes
platelets
leukocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| red blood cells, carry O2 and CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
| involved in blood clotting and inflamation |
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Term
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Definition
white blood cells- defend against invaders
2 types: granulocytes and agranulocytes
remember: GRANny PHIL is A CYTE |
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Term
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Definition
3 types:
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils |
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Term
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Definition
50-70% of WBCs
> 10 billion made every day
major phagocytes
cells of acute inflamation |
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Term
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Definition
1-3% of WBC
parasite defense |
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Term
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Definition
.5-1% of WBC
contain histamine |
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Term
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Definition
2 types
Lymphocytes
Monocytes |
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Term
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Definition
20-40% of WBC
most involved in specific immunity |
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Term
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Definition
1-6% of WBC
leave blood and mature into macrophages |
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Term
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Definition
phagocytes
either fixed to tissue or wandering |
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Term
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Definition
microglial cells (CNS)
mesangial cells (kidney)
kupffur cells (liver) |
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Term
| what could increased eosinophils indicate? |
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Definition
allergies
parasitic worm infection |
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Term
| what could increased leukocytes, mostly neutrophils indicate? |
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Definition
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Term
| what could increased lymphocytes indicate? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
performed mostly by neutrophils and macrophages,
have receptors for bacterial surface components and opsonins |
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Term
| extracellular killing by leukocytes |
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Definition
eosinophils
natural killer lymphocytes
neutrophils |
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Term
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Definition
| mainly attack worms (helminths) by secreting substances that weaken or kill it |
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Term
| natural killer lymphocytes |
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Definition
jason bourne- sees their weird and kills them
secrete substances on the surface of virally infected cells and tumor cells |
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Term
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Definition
| leak antimicrobials and trapping webs (NETs) |
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Term
| Nonspecific chemical defenses |
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Definition
lysozyme
complement
interferon
defensins
lactoferrin |
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Term
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Definition
complements the action of antibodies
when complement is activated -> lysis of foreign cell
activated in 2 ways
classic pathway
alternate pathway |
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Term
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Definition
complements the action of antibodies
4 functions:
induce inflammation
opsonization
chemotaxis of phagocytes
lysis of foreign cells |
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Term
| The alternate (properdin) pathway |
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Definition
less efficient than classical pathway
useful before antibodies are made
activation occurs independent of antibodies
initiated by properdin B,D, P and bacterial/fungal LPS and endotoxins
starts reactions that lead to classical pathway |
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Term
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Definition
proteins that inhibit the spread of viruses (esp. ones with RNA genomes)
cause symptoms associated with viral infections
3 classes: alpha, beta, gamma |
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Term
| interferons present in early stages of infection |
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Definition
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Term
| interferon that appear in later stages of infection |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
small peptides
ways it attacks pathogens:
cationic- attracted to bacteria
amphipathic- punch holes in cytoplasmic membranes
interferes with internal signaling and metabolic processes
prevents biofilms
makes bacterial proteins vulnerable to heat |
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Term
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Definition
increases defensin production
2 types:
acute
Chronic
4 cardinal signs:
redness
heat
swelling
pain |
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Term
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Definition
fast, intense, usually beneficial
increased permeability to blood vessels
migration of phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages)
tissue repair |
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Term
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Definition
| slow, last a long time, can cause damage |
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Term
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Definition
body temp over 37 C
happens when pyrogens trigger hypothalamus to increase the body's core temp
chills are associated with fever are due to the reduced blood flow of constricted vessels |
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Term
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Definition
bacterial endotoxins
cytoplasmic contents of bacteria released by lysis
antibody-antigen complexes
interleukin-1 |
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Term
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Definition
enhances the effects of interferons
inhibits growth of some microbes
speeds up immune system |
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