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BYU Embryology
Final
47
Biology
Undergraduate 4
11/05/2011

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Term
5 Part Brain
Definition
Week 5
Prosencephalon: 1-Telencephalon 2-Diencephalon
3-Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon: 4-Metencephalon 5-Myelencephalon
3 Flexures: mesencephalic, cervical, and pontine
Term
Neural Tube proliferation
Definition
-Pseudostratified epithelium
-Cells migrate toward lumen to undergo mitosis
Term
Neurite Outgrowth
Definition
-Includes growth cones that become axons and dendrites.
-Filopodia feel their way around via chemoattraction and chemorepulsion
Term
NT Anatomy
Definition
-Central Canal
-Ventricular zone- ependymal, where mitosis takes place
-Mantle/Intermediate-cell bodies, gray matter
-Marginal zone- axons, white matter
Term
Metencephalon
Definition
-Develops the pons and cerebellum
Term
Myelencephalon
Definition
-Develops the medula oblongata-basic life support
Term
Mesencephalon
Definition
-Mostly white matter
-becomes the cerebral aqueduct
-blockage can result in hydrocephalus
Term
Diencephalon
Definition
-Results in the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland
Term
Formation of pituitary gland
Definition
-diverticulum called the infundibulum develops
-ectoderm swells and forms Rathke's Pouch which becomes the adenohypophysis
Term
Peripheral Nerves
Definition
-NCC form spinal ganglia
-Interneurons connect sensory and motor neurons to form a reflex arc
Term
Hirschsprung's Disease
Definition
-Complete constipation of newborns
-lack of NCCs in lower colon resulting in no parasympathetic innervation
Term
Clinical problems with the eye
Definition
1-floaters- due to crystalized aqueous humor
2-Bright flashes/pepper spots- retina issues
3- Glaucoma- blockage Schlemms canal
Term
Pharyngeal Arch Info
Definition
Arch-mesenchyme
Pouch- on the inside
Cleft- on the outside
each on has it's own artery and cranial nerve
Term
Arch 1
Definition
-Mandibular arch
Aortic arch:maxillary artery
Cranial Nerve: Trigeminal
Examples of muscles: chewing muscles, tensor tympani, mylohyoid, ant belly of digastric
Skeletal derivatives: malleous, incus, sphenomandibular ligament, meckels cartilage, tympanic ring
Term
Arch 3
Definition
Aortic Arch: internal carotid artery
Cranial Nerve: glossopharyngeal
Muscle:stylopharyngeus
Skeletal: Greater horn of hyoid, part of body of hyoid
Term
What genes regulate the patterning of the pharyngeal arches?
Definition
HOX genes
Term
Pharyngeal cleft action
Definition
Cleft 1- external auditory meatus
Cleft 2- covers the others, lead to the cervical sinus
Term
Derivatives of pharyngeal pouches
Definition
Pouch 1-auditory tube and middle ear cavity
Pouch 2- Palatine tonsils
Pouch 3/4- Thyroid/thymus
Term
Stomach development
Definition
-4th week as an expansion of the foregut
-Lives causes stomach to rotate 90*
Term
Midgut rotation
Definition
270* total rotation
-large part of the intestine is outside the body for a while
Term
Meckel's Diverticulum
Definition
-persistant vitelline duct
-more common in males
-1-5 cm diverticulum in the intestine
Term
Respiratory Development Start
Definition
Begins in week 4
Term
5 parts to respiratory development
Definition
Embryonic-Lung buds invade mesoderm
Pseudoglandular-vasculogenesis
Canalicular-resp. differentiation, some gas exchange
Saccular-primitive alveoli and some surfactant
Alveolar-secondary septation
Term
Mesenchyme in branching of the lungs
-Molecular aspects
Definition
tracheal inhibits branching
bronchial promotes branching
fgf10 promotes growth
bmp4 inhibits fgf10
Term
3 Regions of the Urinary system
Definition
Pronephros- amphibians
Mesonephros- fish
Metanephros- man
Term
Pronephros
Definition
segmentally arranged cords
anterior intermediate mesoderm
degenerates early
Term
Mesonephros
Definition
-duct extends towards capillaries and becomes tubule
-tubule stimulates metanephros (uteretic duct)
-becomes wolffian ducts in males
Term
Metanephros
Definition
In W5-6 branches and becomes the collecting duct system
Term
Kidney migration
Definition
-Ascent begins during W6-9
-Right one doesn't go as high
-If they don't leave the result is a pelvic kidney
Term
Urinary bladder
Definition
-Urorectal septum separates the urogenital sinus from the anorectal canal.
-base of allantois becomes bladder
Term
Anatomy of the sexually indifferent duct system
Definition
Mesonephric ducts- woffian ducts in male
Paramesonephric ducts- mullerian, cranial portion open
Term
Male duct differentiation
Definition
Sertoli cells secrete AMH and paramesonephric ducts degenerate
Testosterone stimules the woffian ducts to develop, eventually into the ductus deferens
Term
Male accessory gland formation
Definition
Seminal vesicle-outgrowth of ductus deferens
Prostate/bulbourethral gland- outgrowth of urogenital sinus
Term
3 Phases of teste decent
Definition
-Release from the area near diaphragm ( cranial suspensory ligament)
-transabdominal descent
-transinguinal descent
Term
Male external genitalia
Definition
-Influenced by DHT
Genital tubercle->penis
Genital swellings->scrotum
Genital folds->urogenital sinus
Term
Vagina formation
Definition
Mullerian ducts contact urogentical sinus
-endoderm forms uterovaginal plate
Term
Descent of ovaries
Definition
Ovaries descend laterally and caudally.
-suspended by two ligaments: diaphragmatic and inguinal
Term
Female external genitalia
Definition
Genital tubercle->clitoris
Genital folds->labia minora
Genital swellings->labia majora
Cranial urogenital sinus-->urethra
Term
Cardiac Jelly
Definition
-Specialized extra cellular matrix
-Between the endocardium and the myocardium
Term
Cardiac Looping
Definition
Bulbus cordis-becomes right ventricle, loops down, right and ventrally.
Primitive atria loop up and back.
Term
AV Septation
Definition
-Achieved through endocardial cushions
-Septum primum comes down and separates atria, the foramen primum closes.
-Septum secundum comes down and leaves foramen ovale
Term
Ventricular Septation
Definition
-muscular growth from the inferior ventricle
-leaves the interventricular foramen
Term
Cardiac Outflow septation
Definition
-Ascending aorta and pulmonar artery spiral around each other
-They fuse with the inferior endocardial cushion and interventricular septum to separate left and right ventricles
Term
Cardiovascular defects
Definition
atrial septum defects- usually not a big deal
ventricle septum defects- right vent. hypertrophy, cyanosis
patent ductus arteriosus- initially not a problem, eventually causes hypertension and heart failure.
Term
Fetal Period
Definition
Starts at week 8
- all organ systems are present, but only a few are funtional, i.e. circulatory
Term
Fetal GI
Definition
-Meconium-green mixture of cells, hair, and secretions
-Peristalsis at W4
Term
Fetal Circulatory changes
Definition
-placental blood flow stops when umbilical cord is cut
-pulmonary vessels open w/first few breaths
-ductus arteriosus closes with increased O2
-foramen ovale closes
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