False

they are protected by the bone and membranes called meninges.

1. Dura Mater (tough mother): outer most membrane which contains blood sinuses

2. Arachnoid Mater: middle layer, is highly vascularized, and has a web-like apperance

3. Pia Mater: innermost layer, is also highly vascularized, attaches to the surface of the brain and spinal cord, attaches to every ridge and valley.

False

the brain doesnt have pain receptors, so the headaches can be caused by inflammation of the meninges or with inflammation or abnormal dilation/constriction of the blood vessels associated with the brain, scalp, and meninges

TF viral meningitis is more severe than bacterial meningitis

False

bacterial meningitis is more SEVERE

1. Cerebral spinal fluid

2. clear, watery fluid that contains the same constituents as plasma, but in different concentrations

What are the 2 spaces where the CSF fills?

1. It fills the space between the arachnoid and pia mater

2. it fills in the spaces of the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord

TF CSF fills the space between pia mater and dura mater

False

It fills the space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater

False

the total volume of CSF in CNS at any given time is 125-150 mL

Two things can happen:

1. During development, excess CSF can lead to hydrocephalus

2. In infants < 2 years of age, it can lead to the enlargement of the skull

1. It acts as a cushion of water, so that the brain floats in the CSF

- it effectively reduces brain weight by 97%

- it acts as a shock absorber

2. It helps exchange materials between the brain interstitial fluid and blood

- CSF freely exchanges material with the brain interstitial fluid

False

The blood-brain barrier is formed by astrocyte glial cells and from endothelial cells of capillary walls of the brain

False

Endothelial cells do have tight junctions between them

- materials must pass THRU the cells not BETWEEN the cells

1. it regulates what gets into the ECF of the brain and spinal cord

2. It regulates ions, glucose, amino acids, and proteins

False

there are some regions of the CNS that arent protected by the BBB.

1. Region of the hypothalamus

- hypothalamus is important for monitoring substances in the blood

- for example, it monitors hormone levels in the blood

- capillaries in this region of the hypothalamus do not have tight junctions

False

It is associated with Parkinsons Disease

the BBB makes it difficult for some medicine to get thru the brain

- Parkinson's patients are treated with L-dopa rather than dopamine, because L-dopa can get past the BBB and dopamine cant

-L-dopa is converted into dopamine in the brain

What needs a steady flow of blood ?

Brain

- the CNS needs a steady flow of blood than any other tissue in the body

-Because the CNS (brain) needs a constant supply of:

1. Oxygen

2. Glucose

False

Neurons in the CNS are dependent on aerobic metabolism

1. neurons in the CNS dont store glycogen

2. Brain uses glucose as an energy source rather than fats and proteins

Diabetics and insulin shock

- Insulin shock can result in increased excitability of the CNS and seizures

- results from decreased levels of glucose in the blood after taking an insulin shot

- insulin stimulates the mvmt of glucose into body cells, so there is a low level of glucose in the blood

- now there is not enough glucose in the blood to support the brain.

True

he lacked green cones

1. A brain Blood vessel ruptures or has a blood clot, thus forming a blood clot

2. Tissue in the area is deprived of blood, which can lead to tissue damage due to lack of glucose and oxygen

1. Stroke

2. TIA

False

it can result in slurred speech or blurred vision, but there is no apparent damage to the CNS

a. there is a brief blockage of blood flow to the brain

b. it's referred to as a "mini stroke"

c. it can be indicative of more serious problems, but not always

False

There are a total of 31 pairs of spinal nerves extending from each segment

RMR: only one 1 pair of spinal nerves extends from each segment

so: 31 segments = 31 pairs of spinal nerves

False

they recieve SENSORY input

1. Manifest's itself to "referred pain"

2. corresponds to dermatome of a specific region

False

Referred pain is not to be confused with phantom pain

Phantom Pain is a pain sensation from a limb that has been amputated

Referred pain is a pain sensation that corresponds to a dermatome of a specific region

False

spinal cord is shorter than the vertebral column

What does cauda equina mean?

1. To remove a sample of fluid, which can be indicative of an infection or disease (ex: meningitis or MS)

2. to inject anesthetics

- they are organized from lower to higher brain centers

- they go from the primitive to more advanced regions

1. Brainstem

2. Cerebelllum

3. Forebrain

** Must be in this order, b/c they are organized from primitive to most advanced regions, so the brainstem is primitive and the forebrain is the most advanced region

What is the forebrain made up?

Give specific examples

a. Diencephalon (hypothalamus and thalamus)

b. cerebrum (basal nuclei and cerebral cortex)

1. it contains the medulla, pons, and midbrain

2. it is the origin of most cranial nerves

3. it is involved in the initial processing of info from teh spinal cord

4. it is an important autonomic control center

False

it is the digestive control center, not the reproductive control center

1. controls the basic life sustaining functions

2. it regulates many muscle reflexes involved in normal equilibrium and posture

3. it is also involved in the arousal and activation of higher brain centers

False

They act by suppressing the activity of RAS

False

It does contain the REM center

1. It is involved in the subconscious control of motor activity including coordination and planning of skilled voluntary mvmts

2. it compares inteded mvmt and actual mvmt

3. It continually monitors and adjust mvmts. w/o directly controlling  (innervating) the muscle

4. it is also involved in monitoring muscles used for speaking

5. it is also imp. in controlling eye mvmts

6. it is also imp. in the maintanence of balance

What does the  motor cortex do?

How does it work with the cerebellum?

a. the motor cortex of the cerebral cortex initiates the voluntary mvmts.

b. the cerebellum is informed by the cortex of what mvmts are needed, the cerebellum monitors the mvmts (via proprioreceptors) and then tells the cortex what adjustments to make

False

it deals with the mvmt of the eyes when the head IS MOVING

organs of balance : semicircular canals and otolith organs

False

It recieves input from the vestibular apparatus, which is your organs of balance

It results in difficulties in:

a. muscle mvmts

b. speech

c. abnormal eye mvmts

a. it causes unsteady mvmts

b. slurred speech

1. it is a collection of specific nuclei which located ABOVE the pituitary  and BELOW the thalamus

2. it receives inputs from wide variety of regions of teh PNS, CNS, and Limbic system

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

Part 1

1. It is the control center for the autonomic nervous system

2. it controls homeostatic functions

3. it helps coordinate physiological and behavioral functions

Hypothalamus functions

part 2

4. it controls reproduction and reproductive cycle

5. its involved in childbirth and ejection of milk from mammary glands

5. it controls basic emotions and behavior (ex. reproductive)

6. it is the linker btwn nervous sys. and endocrine sys.

7. it controls the release of hormones by anterior pituitary

8. it produces hormones release by teh posterior pitiutary

False

It is involved in some, but not ALL

False

It refers to GRAY MATTER

False

It acts as a relay station for SENSORY info going to the cortex

False

the THALAMUS projects sensory info to areas of the cortex

a. screens

b. sensory

False

the thalamus to a LESSER EXTENT controls voluntary motor activity

False

the basal nuclei are large groups of gray matter that are located subcortical

False

They are part of the cerebrum, their gray matter is located deep within the cerebral white matter, so they are part of the cerebrum

1. learning

2. emotions

3. communicating with the cortex to coordinate voluntary mvmts

False,

it doesnt innervate the muscle, it communicates with the cortex to coordinate mvmts

False

The BN maintains wanted motor activity

It inhibits unwanted motor activity

1. unwanted motor activity

2. unwanted mvmts

3. muscle tone

False

1. parkinsons disease

2. huntingtons disease

False

Loss of dopamine increases basal nuclei activity

TF Increased BN activity leads to an increase in inhibition of motor activity

**Answer is in detail**

True

there is going to be an increase in inhibition of motor activity which will result in rigidity and difficulties in mvmt and speech

Sensory perception

Control of motor mvmts

Language

Personality

Sophisticated mental events (higher thinking)

Self consciousness

Memory

Sally couldnt like Pete so she murdered him

What are the 4 sophisticated mental events associated with teh CC?

**CC = cerebral cortex

higher level thinking

analysis

decision making

creativity

False

It is composed of OUTER gray matter and INNER white matter

- densely packed neurons (dendrites and cell bodies)

- glial cells

a. gray matter

b. white matter

False

it is composed of MYELINATED AXONS

1. occiptial lobe

2. parietal lobe

3. temporal lobe

4. frontal lobe

a. primary visual cortex

b. association areas for recognizing shapes and faces

1. primary auditory and olfactory cortex

2. contains association areas for sounds and smell

3. imp. in the process of memory storage

What does the Frontal lobe contain?

1. involved in Mvmts (primary motor cortex and premotor cortex)

2. personality traits

3. decision making

4. higher level thinking

My pritam digs hot men!!

5. contains association areas which recieve and integrate info. from multiple areas of the brain

6. it is imp. in Working/scratchpad memory

False

it is the anterior portion of the frontal lobe

1. planning voluntary motor act.

2. evaluating consequences for future actions

3. personality traits

4. social behavior

- decreased aggression

- decreased ambition

- motor function and language comphrension are retained

- inability to solve complex problems

-inability to conduct elaborate thought

- altered personality traits

False

They opposed this procedure

False

It is located at the junction of the PARIETAL, TEMPORAL AND OCCIPITAL lobe

What are the 3 functions of WA?

**WA = wernickes area

1. used for interpretation of language (both spoken and written)

2. recieves and interprets info from other cortical regions (its an association center)

3. most important part of the brain for basic INTELLECTUAL FUNCTIONS

False

It means word blindness

False

A word originates in WA

then transferred to BA, where the word is spoken

- difficulty speaking

-speech is slow and poorly articulated

False

they only develop in one cerebral hemisphere

True

A person can understand a sentence but has difficulty repeating it

False

The dominant one is the LEFT hemisphere

False

90% of ppl are rt. handed

a. plastic

b. early life

c. more permanent

d. early teenage years

False

the functions will be shifted to the other cerebral hemisphere in children UNDER 10 and not in MIDTEENS AND OLDER PPL

False

BOTH hemispheres are Active

1. Two areas involved in language (WA and BA)

2. The cerebral hemisphere has been hypothesized to exhibit specialization in specific functions

False

It is associated with "analytical thinkng"

-logic

-analysis

-math

-language skills

False

Its associated with CREATIVE THINKING

False

Damage to the right hemisphere can make it difficult for a person to read a map and find their way arnd a city

False

composed of 300 million axons

1. It allows info to be exchanged btwn the 2 hemispheres

2. it allows one hemisphere to access info from ano. hemisphere

False

It DID PROVE the hypothesis

False

His personality was altered

He did nto lost any of those capabilities

false

Its going to occupy a large area of the SOMATOSENSORY cortex in teh somatopic map

false

the neural ntwrk IS present

False

mapping of the cortex varies SLIGHTLY btwn the indv. and map

- fear

-anger

-rage

-depression

-aggression

-laughter

- crying

-blushing

False

it is resp. for basic emotions and MOTIVATION

False

they are present in the limbic sys

What are the four things the limbic syst. is responsible for

1. basic emotions

2. motivation

3. sexual drive and sexual behavior

4. basic urges and homeostatic drives

False

the HYPOTHALAMUS contains these centers

False

It is slight > 24 hrs

false

it is harder

False

it is controlled by the SCN of the hypothalamus

RAS (reticular activation sys.)

REM sleep (brainstem)

Slow wave sleep center (cerebrum)

False

it is an active process

False

the person moves from beta waves (active state) to alpha waves (drowsy state)

False

they fire neurons in synchrony

there is a transition from firing neurons ind. to firing them in synchrony

false

pass from one stage to another SEVERAL times thruout the ntie