Term
| What are the four reasons a sample diffuses? |
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Definition
1. Brownian mvmt
2. collisions
3. rate
4. equilibrium |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the rate and direction of diffusion affected by? |
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Definition
1. temperature
2. concentration gradient
3. molecular size
4. membrane permeability |
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Term
| What does membrane permeability relate to? |
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Definition
1. Thickness
2. resistance
3. surface area
4. Ficks law |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What molecule can pass thru simple diffusion? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens as a sample diffuses over a distance? |
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Definition
| The rate decreases because there are less particles to collide into |
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Term
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Definition
| the concentration of active particles in soln. |
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Term
| What matters the most for osmolarity? |
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Definition
The number of particles
The size and type of particle dont matter |
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Term
| TF solutes pull water toward them |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
It is broken down into Na(+) + Cl(-)
1mM NaCl = 2mOsM (1mOsM Na + 1mOsM Cl) |
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Term
| What is osmotic pressure? |
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Definition
a. the pressure needed to prevent osmosis
b. pressure generated by water trying to osmose into a container with limited/fixed volume |
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Term
| TF tonicity is the description of how a SOLUTION affects the tension of the cell |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens during an isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic env.? |
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Definition
1. isotonic: osmolarity of the cell and solution are equal
2. hypertonic: osmolarity of the solution > cell, water moves OUT, cell shrinks
3. hypotonic: osmolarity of the solution < cell, water moves IN, cell burts |
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Term
| What does simple mvmt deal with? |
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Definition
1. Simple diffusion
2. osmosis |
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Term
| Cell mediated transport deals with: |
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Definition
1. Phospholipid bilayer
2. Facilitated diffusion
3. primary and secondary active transport |
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Term
| In the phospholipid bilayer, the hydrophobic layer prevents what? |
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Definition
| It prevents large molecules or hydrophilic molecules from passing thru |
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Term
| How do particles diffuse/pass thru in cell mediated transport |
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Definition
| They diffuse/pass thru transport proteins that act as channels |
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Term
| Why does the cell use transport proteins? |
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Definition
1. to create/maintain imbalance
balance = DEATH
2. Specificity
- allows cell to control mvmtn
3. Competition
4. Saturation
- proteins limit diffusion rate Vmax |
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Term
| What type of diffusion is faciliated diffusion and what does it require |
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Definition
| it is passive diffusion and it requires the conc. gradient |
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Term
| What are the two types of active transport? |
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Definition
| primary and secondary active transport |
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Term
| TF Primary active transport depends on the CONCENTRATION GRADIENT |
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Definition
False
It doesnt depend on it |
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Term
| What is the ex. of primary active transport? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the Na/K pump work? |
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Definition
It has a 3:2:1 Ratio
3 Na pumped OUT; ↑ [Na] in the ECF
2 K pumped IN; ↑ [K] in the ICF
1 ATP is hydrolyzed |
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Term
| What type of charge does the cell have? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does active transport go along/down the concentration gradient or does it go against the concentration gradient? |
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Definition
** Active transport goes against the concentration gradient
** Passive transport goes along the concentration gradient |
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Term
| What is the example of secondary active transport? |
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Definition
Na/Ca antiporter
It uses the Na gradient to pump Ca out of the heart muscle cells
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Term
| How do molecules move with respect to conc. gradient and area of concentration? |
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Definition
Molecules always move from an area of high conc. to an area of low conc.
they move down the gradient |
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Term
| TF Higher gradient means higher diffusion rate |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the water conc. gradient work? |
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Definition
It moves opposite to the solute gradient
It moves toward the higher conc. of solute
Osmosis occurs down water's conc. gradient toward the solutes |
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Term
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Definition
| point where the conc. gradient isnt affecting the diffusion rate |
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Term
| What does the graph of Simple diffusion look like? |
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Definition
| It is Diffusion rate (y) vs. Concentration [x] (x) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| In both types of diffusion what is the driving force? |
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Definition
| The driving force is Conc. gradient and the molecules move from high conc. to low conc. |
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Term
| TF In simple diffusion molecules can move across the membrane WITH the input of energy |
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Definition
False
In diffusion molecules move w/o the input of energy
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Term
| In diffusion, the permeability of molecules across the membrane is due to: |
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Definition
1. solubility of SPECIFIC molecules in the membrane (ex: lipids)
2. the membrane has channels which allow the molecules to pass thru (ex:ion channels) |
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Term
| What happens when the magnitude of the conc. gradient increases during SIMPLE DIFFUSION? |
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Definition
| the rate that molecules are transported continually increases |
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Term
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Definition
| because there are a limited number of carrier molecules |
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Term
| What occurs during Active transport? |
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Definition
a. Molecules move against the concentration gradient from low conc. to high conc.
b. requires energy ATP
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Term
| TF Primary Active transport doesnt directly utilize ATP |
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Definition
False
It does utilize ATP |
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Term
TF
Na is higher in the ICF and
K is higher in the ECF
This is the case in "resting" cells |
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Definition
False
Na is higher in the ECF b/c it is pumped OUT
K is higher in the ICF b/c it is pumped IN |
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Term
| Where are the binding sites for Na and K located? |
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Definition
3 binding sites for Na in the ICF
2 binding sites for K in the ECF |
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Term
| TF In resting cells, Ca level is 10,000x higher in the ECF than ICF |
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Definition
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Term
What does secondary active transport use as its driving force?
What is an example? |
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Definition
It uses the conc. gradient of one ion as a driving force to transport another ion against the conc. gradient
Ex: Na/Ca antiporter
conc. gradient of Na is used to pump Ca out of heart muscle cells |
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Term
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Definition
| #of osmoles of solute per liter of soln. |
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