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| an ethic that emphasizes caring for the concrete well being of those near |
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| an ethic base on evaluations of the moral character of persons or groups. |
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| a general term for any view that holds that actions and policies should be evaluated on the basis of the benefits and costs they will impose on society |
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| a type of analysis used to determine the desirability of investing in a project by calculating whether its present and future economic benefits outweigh its present and future economic costs. |
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A form of utilitarianism that limits utilitarian analysis to evaluations of moral rules.
(ethical--the one the creates the most utility for everyone affected) |
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| an entitlement that derives from a legal system that permits or empowers a person to act in a specified way or that requires other to act in a certain way |
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| rights that all human beings everywhere possess to an equal extent simply by virtue of being human beings |
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| believe that freedom from human constraint is necessarily good and that all constraints imposed by others are necessarily evil except when needed to prevent the imposition of greater human constraints |
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| robert nozick (libertarian) |
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believed the only moral right is the negative right to freedom which implies that restrictions on freedom are unjustified except to prevent greater restrictions on freedom.
-requires- private property, freedom of contract, free markets and the elimination of taxes to pay for social welfare programs
-since the freedom of one person always restricts the freedom of others, nozicks claim that restrictions on freedom are unjustified implies that freedom itself is unjustified |
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| requires distributing society's benefits and burdens fairly |
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| requires fairness when blaming or punishing persons for wrong doing |
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| requires restoring to a person what the person lost when he or she was wronged by someone |
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| distribute by equal liberty, equal opportunity and needs of disadvantaged |
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| Principles of Distributive Justice |
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Fundamental- distribute benefits and burdens equally to equals and unequally to unequals
Egalitarian- distribute equal to everyone
Capitalist- distribute according to contribution
Socialist- distribute according to need and ability
Libertarian- distribute by free choices
Rawls- distribute by equal liberty, equal opportunity and needs of disadvantaged. |
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| The requirement that persons in the original position must not know particulars about themselves which might bias their choices such as their sex, race, religion, income, social status, etc. |
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| an acquired disposition that is valued as part of the character of a morally good human being and that is exhibited in the persons habitual behavior |
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| argued that a moral virtue is a habit that enables a human being to live according to reason. He argued that a person lives according to reason when the person knows and habitually chooses the reasonable middle ground between going too far and not going far enough in his feelings and actions. |
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| The theory that the aim of the moral life is to develop those general dispositions called moral virtues, and to exercise and exhibit them in the many situations that human life sets before us. |
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| unconscious moral decisions |
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comprise of our moral decisions
-made according to pyschologists, by the brains "X-system" using stored prototypes to automatically and unconsciously identify what it percieves and what it should do. Once identified the C system figures out what to do "Should I run?" |
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| "hardwirded" moral reasoning and cultural influences; incest is wrong, harming by action is worse than harming by omission;harming as a means to a goal is worse than harming as a foreseen side effect; harming by physical contact is worse than harming without physical contact |
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| Requirements of contractual rights duties |
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*are created by specific agreements and conferred only on the parties involved
-require the parties know what they are agreeing to, no misrepresentation, nor duress or coercion, no agreement to an immoral act |
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| helath love beauty- cant be measured economically |
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| things that are considered valuable because they lead to other good things |
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| things that are desirable independent of any other benefits they may produce |
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| an ethic that sees concrete communities and communal relationship as having a fundamental value that should be preserved and maintained. |
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