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Bushong - Chapter 11: Radiographic Film
Spring 2012
56
Health Care
Not Applicable
01/17/2012

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Term
The ____ beam refers to the x-rays that remain as the useful beam exits the pt. It consists of x-rays scattered away from the IR and image-forming x-rays.
Definition
exit
Term
The medium that converts the x-ray beam into a visible image is called the _____ ________.
Definition
image receptor (IR)
Term
Radiographic film basically has two parts: the ____ and the ________.
Definition
base and emulsion
Term
Film that has emulsion coated on both sides is called what?
Definition
double-emulsion film
Term
Between the emulsion and the base is a thin coating of material called the ________ _____, which ensures uniform adhesion of the emulsion to the base.
Definition
adhesive layer
Term
The ________ layer allows the emulsion and the base to maintain proper contact and integrity during use and processing.
Definition
adhesive
Term
The emulsion is enclosed by a protective covering of gelatin called the ________.
Definition
overcoat
Term
The _______ protects the emulsion from scratches, pressure, and contamination, for relatively rough manipulation of x-ray film exposure.
Definition
overcoat
Term
The thickness of radiographic film is approximately ___ to ___ µm.
Definition
150 to 300
Term
The ____ is the foundation of radiographic film. Its primary purpose is to provide a rigid structure onto which the emulsion can be coated.
Definition
base
Term
Film base can maintain its size and shape during use and processing so that it does not contribute to image distortion. This characterisitic is best defined as ___________ stability.
Definition
dimensional
Term
The original radiographic film base was a _____ plate.
Definition
glass
Term
During WWI when glass became largely unavailable, what became its substitute as film base? What is this substitute's deficiency?
Definition
cellulose nitrate; it's flammable
Term
By the mid-1920s, a new "safety base" for film was introduced. What material was it made of?
Definition
cellulose triacetate
Term
In the early 1960s a stronger and thinner film base was introduced. What material was this film base made of?
Definition
polyester
Term
What film base is still used to this day?
Definition
polyester
Term
________ is the material with which x-rays or light photons from radiographic intensifying screens interact and transfer information.
Definition
Emulsion
Term
The emulsion consists of a homogeneous mixture of _______ and ______ ______ ________.
Definition
gelatin and silver halide crystals
Term
The emulsion layer of film is _ to _ µm thick.
Definition
3 to 5
Term
The _______'_ principle function is to provide mechanical support for silver halide crystals by holding them uniformly dispersed in place.
Definition
gelatin's
Term
_______ grains are used in most radiographic films.
Definition
Tabular
Term
During exposure, photoelectrons and silver ions are attracted to ___________ _______, where they then combine to form a latent image center of metallic silver.
Definition
sensitivity centers
Term
______-________ film contains a thicker emulsion w/ more silver halide crystals than ______-film.
Definition

1. Direct-exposure

2. Screen

Term
True or False: The size and concentration of silver halide crystals primarily affect film speed.
Definition
True
Term
The formation of the latent image is sometimes called the ____________ effect.
Definition
photographic
Term
If the x-ray is totally absorbed, its interaction is _____________.
Definition
photoelectric
Term
If the x-ray is partially absorbed, its interaction is _______.
Definition
Compton
Term
__________ is the term applied to the chemical reactions that transform the latent image into a visible image.
Definition
Processing
Term
_____-film is the most commonly used film.
Definition
Screen
Term
What type of film is the type that is used w/ radiographic intensifying screens.
Definition
screen-film
Term
The contrast of an IR is _________ proportional to its exposure latitude.
Definition
inversely
Term
A high-contrast emulsion contains _______ silver halide grains w/ a relatively uniform grain size.
Definition
smaller
Term
A low-contrast emulsion contains ______ silver halide grains that have a wider range of sizes.
Definition
larger
Term
_____ is the sensitivity of the screen-film combination to x-rays and light.
Definition
Speed
Term
True or False: For direct-exposure film, speed is principally a function of the concentration and the total number of silver halide crystals.
Definition
True
Term
For ______-film, silver halide grain size and shape are the principal determinants of film speed.
Definition
screen
Term
_____-grain emulsions are more sensitive than ____-grain emulsions.
Definition

1. Large

2. small

Term
The more efficient use of silver in the emulsion is called the ________ power of the emulsion.
Definition
covering
Term
Most emulsions now contain tabular grains, which are flat silver halide crystals, and provide a large surface area/volume ratio. The result is improved ________ power and significantly lower _________.
Definition

1. covering

2. crossover

Term
_________ is the exposure of an emulsion caused by light from the opposite radiographic intensifying screen. When this happens it causes increased blurring of the image.
Definition
Crossover
Term
Film that is sensitive not only to blue light but also to green light is ______________.
Definition
orthochromatic
Term
True or False: The reciprocity law holds true when intensifying screens are used as well as direct exposure film.
Definition
False: The reciprocity law fails when film is exposed to light from radiographic intensifying screens.
Term
What safelight filter/s is/are safe to use with blue-sensitive film?
Definition
amber and red
Term
What safelight filter/s is/are safe to use with green-sensitive film?
Definition
red
Term
If you were to use an amber filter safelight when developing green-sensitive film in the darkroom, what would happen?
Definition
The film would become fogged.
Term
True or False: The use of radiographic intensifying screens w/ film allows reduced technique and therefore reduced pt dose. However, the image is more blurred than it would be after exposure w/out screens.
Definition
True
Term
The emulsion of a direct-exposure film is thicker/thinner than that of screen-film, and it contains higher/lower concentrations of silver halide to improve direct x-ray interaction.
Definition

1. thicker

2. higher

Term
Reflection of intensifying screen light which is transmitted through the emulsion and base is known as ________ effect.
Definition
halation
Term
Heat increases/decreases the fog of a radiograph and therefore increases/decreases contrast.
Definition

1. increases

2. decreases

Term
Radiographic film should be stored at temperatures lower than approximately how many °F and °C?
Definition
68°F and 20°C
Term
True or False: Radiographic film is more sensitive after an exposure than before.
Definition
True
Term
What are some of the deficiencies of aging film? (name 3)
Definition

1. decrease in speed

2. decrease in contrast

3. increase in fog

(contrast amd fog are always inversely proportional)

Term
True or False: Boxes of film should be stored by laying them flat rather than vertical/on edge.
Definition
False: Boxes of film should be stored vertical/on edge rather than laying them flat.
Term
True or False: 30 days is a reasonable maximum storage time for radiographic film.
Definition
True
Term
The x-ray beam does not directly expose the x-ray film. Radiographic intensifying screens emit light when exposed to x-rays and the emitted light then exposes the film. The color of the light emitted must match the response of the film. This 'match-making' is referred to as what?
Definition
Spectral Matching
Term
The fog level of unprocessed film is approximately how many mR?
Definition
0.2 mR
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