Term
| Johannes van den Bosch Sends an Email |
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Definition
| How will Pablo react to the message that he receives? Why was he not emailing the company back? Miss communication between the two. |
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Term
| Inside Story: Family Firms Still Rule |
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Definition
| Family firms could be the reason why the economies of Latin America are doing poorly. It is interesting how something like a family oriented culture could affect the financial system of a country. |
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Term
| Business: Still Keeping It in the Family; Business in Mexico |
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Definition
| It is interesting that in Mexico as well as Latin American countries the families are the only groups that can be trusted. It seems due to corruption the people have lost trust in other institutions and because of this the family is their best means to turn to. |
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Term
| In China’s Offices, Foreign Colleagues Get and Earful |
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Definition
| There is obviously going to be very different differences between the two cultures. In China co-workers are very close, loud and can come across rude when they aren’t but in the same way Americans can do the same. |
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Term
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Definition
| I find this article to be amusing how differently Chinese golf players are. It is interesting that the difference in status is amplified to such an extent out on the golf course. I wonder if the etiquette will change any time soon over there. |
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Term
| E-mail is Easy to Write (and to Misread) |
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Definition
| I think that in such a global society we take advantage of the internet but it is true how so many different things can be misinterpreted through email. It is in itself a different culture that we are all trying to figure out. It is hard because we only have the text that we are reading not physical movements or tones. |
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Term
| Japanese Workers Get Word From On High: Drop Formality |
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Definition
| For many years in Japan seniority in any institution or organization has been associated with different names representing status. Much of the time the older you were the higher status you had. It is interesting to see that seniority is now associated with performance and this has created several problems for many businesses. |
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Term
| Is a Salaryman Without a Suit Like Sushi Without the Rice |
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Definition
| I think it is very interesting that there would be laws that told individuals what they cannot wear during the summer months. I understand why in that culture differing from the traditional black suit would be harmful. For it would increase individuality, anti professionalism and difference from past notions. This may be helpful for the future but it will be very difficult in the present. |
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Term
| A Jolt to Team Japan: Bonus Demands |
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Definition
| Although Japan is a collective culture the idea of bonuses seems to be growing. Individuals feel that if they help out the company in a substantial way they are entitled to more. They have even moved across country. |
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Term
| Terror in the Skies, Again? |
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Definition
| It is sad to see that those who experienced 9/11 will have this notion in their mind about people of Arab race sitting on planes together due to their evoked set. |
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Term
| Driving Change: How Japan’s Second-Hand Cars Make Their Way to the Third World |
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Definition
| I think it is interesting how the Japanese culture does not value second hand cars. Because of this they are prime exporters into developing nations. |
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Term
| The Basics: Why Arab Men Hold Hands |
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Definition
| The distance between the sexes in Arab countries has lead to this value. It actually represents equality and sincerity between two men. It's a sign of solidarity and kinship. |
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Term
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Definition
Bob’s “hybrid” culture makes “mapping” difficult
Mike’s “little knowledge” was a “dangerous thing”
Importance of “fit” between corporate culture and personal culture matters for careers
“Mental realities” (evoked sets) underlie perceptions and expectations
Different communication “scripts” can lead to conflict and misunderstanding
Intermediaries may bridge cultural differences in communication style |
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Term
| Pacific Aisles: Wal-Mart's Foray Into Japan |
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Definition
| I did not know how difficult it is to open a business in Japan. I think that the Japanese are very used to what they have been doing and are not willing to accept this new westernized giant there. Also the fact that competition is so fierce and rapidly evolving is very interesting as well. |
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Term
| Japanese Find a Forum to Vent Most-Secret Feelings |
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Definition
| This article is interesting in that it shows a different side to the Japanese people. The only way for these individuals to truly express themselves is masked on the internet. The use of observing this site for both safety and business reasons seems very important in this changing society. |
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Term
| Business: A Complaint is a Gift; Bad Service |
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Definition
| The fact that Brits do not give feedback or grumble per say about service is very interesting. I can see how service in Britain may suffer due to the lack of complaints that can be corrected upon. |
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Term
| The Americas: The Price of Lateness; Ecuadorean Time |
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Definition
| This country that doesn't seem to do well with promptness due to their cultural ideals on a more relaxed attitude to time has started to show in their economy. They have lost a substantial amount of money because of their "its okay to be late" attitudes. So now this movement seems to be working to help with being more efficient with time. |
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Term
| Europe Blames Weaker US Laws for Spam Surge |
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Definition
| I think that it is interesting that so much spam originates in the US... over 70%. I am sure that the fact that there are not as many laws in the US regarding spam allow for this to occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| Why are the individuals not motivated to work? What will motivate them? |
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Term
| Give Me Liberty, But Not Too Much: This is Russia |
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Definition
| I was surprised to find out that Russians don’t seem to value the idea of democracy. They seem to be fine with the idea of repression for the most part and with Putin whom they like, they seem to be loosing even more freedom |
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Term
| Slowly, Home Loans Catch on in Russia |
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Definition
| It is interesting to see just how cautious Russians are in the banking industry. They would go to their family before the bank for a loan. |
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Term
| A Word to Finns: For Your Own Good, Blow Your Top |
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Definition
| Finish individuals do not express anger as it is seen as infantile. They hold a lot in and are willing to bear a lot of pain. It is interesting because it is attributed to the Cold War Era. |
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Term
| Japan’s Neglected Resource: Female Workers |
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Definition
| It is sad that in Japan women have to choose between mothering and having a career. They have no help and look down on women in the workplace. |
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Term
| Japanese Companies Woo Women Back to Work |
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Definition
| I think that in order to keep up with their rapidly growing economy and growing number of jobs it is necessary that they try to get women in the workforce. I think this company is being very smart. |
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Term
| Why, in Vietnam, Women are at Top of Corporate Heap |
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Definition
| Due to the war in Vietnam women have gained a much higher status in society and can be heads of companies. |
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Term
| Case 17: Blue Ridge Spain |
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Definition
| What led to the deterioration of the joint venture between the two companies? What were the main issues that were mentioned? |
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Term
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Definition
| This article simply states that decentralized values in Spain are affecting business relations. |
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Term
| Japan Learns Dreaded Task of Jury Duty |
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Definition
| I think it is interesting that they are trying to implement a jury system in Japan. It seems to work well in the US because individuals there can speak up against each other and we try to win through our arguments. In Japan they are a group oriented culture and speaking out is not something that they are accustomed to. They value harmony and silence rather than the commotion of a jury deliberation. |
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Term
| Foreign Investors Change Their Fight Path in Japan |
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Definition
| Stock investors are playing a much larger role in the corporation these days due to the economy. |
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Term
| Case 14: Global Multi-Products Chile |
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Definition
Thompson Style
Shared authority, empowerment (PD)
Risk taking (UA)
Long-term strategic view (LTO)
Chile culture
Isolation, lack of trust, no sense of team
Ascriptive, status conscious, titles; formal & serious
Short-term thinking
Polite & indirect
Workaholic (8 am to 8 pm)
Polychronic; erratic punctuality & scheduling |
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Term
| Chile: The Rich Kid on the Block |
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Definition
| I think it is interesting that Chile is being resented for its accomplishments. I think the other countries of Latin America who seem to be suffering should look at Chile and use it as an example. The fact that the country is trying to integrate its trade into a global market is great. |
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Term
| Business: Land of the Rising Sums; M&A in Japan |
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Definition
| Japan is now becoming more open to mergers and acquisitions. This is allowing them to not fall more into debt. However, selling a firm still is problematic in that it is seen as a failure which goes against Japanese culture. Also many Japanese see that they only have one job and they do not move from institution to institution. |
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Term
| Special Report: Trying to Get the Right Balance: International Law Firms |
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Definition
| While American law firms are highly profitable Europe’s have an immense global strategy. There seems to be a prediction for the merging of the two in the near future. |
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Term
| Business Insight: Follow the Leaders |
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Definition
| This article talks about how many leaders can be beneficial in an organization. However there are a few cultural aspects that should be considered including individualistic vs collective, centralized and decentralized and aggressive vs nurturing. |
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Term
| How to Rein in the Imperial CEO |
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Definition
| I can’t believe that 65% of fortune 500 firms have chairman/CEO’s. It is interesting to see that Europe has separated these roles and America is now following them. Rather than one person having extreme powers they can be held accountable through separate functions. |
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Term
| John Kotter’s 8 Phases of Change |
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Definition
Establish sense of urgency
Create a coalition or guiding team
Develop a clear vision
Share the vision
Empower people to clear obstacles
Secure short-term wins
Consolidate and keep moving
Anchor the change |
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Term
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Definition
Education & communication
Participation & involvement
Facilitation & support
Negotiation & agreement
Manipulation & co-option
Implicit & explicit coercion |
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Term
| The Medium is the Message (Marshall McLuhan) |
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Definition
| Low(email, handwritten, telephone, video conference, face to face) high |
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Term
|
Definition
High gender role differentiation
Large value gap between men and women
Male values: achievement, control, power, monetary rewards, conflict, aggressiveness |
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Term
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Definition
Low role differentiation
Small value gap
Feminine Values: quality of work and life, relationships, job security, work/family balance, compromise/negotiation |
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Term
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Definition
High- Slovakia
Low- Sweden |
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Term
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Definition
Presence in workforce
Opportunity: occupations and salaries
Representation in decision making
Educational attainment
Health and well being |
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Term
| Most Empowered/Least Empowered |
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Definition
Most: Sweden, Norway, Iceland, Denmark, Finland
Least: Egypt, Turkey, Pakistan, Jordan, Korea |
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Term
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Definition
Japan- Male only (salic)
Spain/UK- Male preference primogeniture
Netherlands/Norway- Eldest first |
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Term
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Definition
Segregation- Islam and Judaism
Ordination- Vatican Ban on women as preists |
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Term
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Definition
| Women must marry a late husbands brother |
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Term
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Definition
1 in 7 girls in developing world marries before age 15
Settle disputes, debts
Valued for labor, sex, children and assured virginity |
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Term
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Definition
Shunned when husbands die
Cant remarry
Cannot wear jewelery
Must shave heads and wear white |
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Term
| Honor Killings and Suicides |
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Definition
Indecent Behavior- Being raped, consensual sex, wearing a short skirt: dishonor to family
-Sons obligation to family to erase stain |
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Term
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Definition
Kanun code of conduct limits role of women
Male head of house dies with no male heir, daughter vows virginity and takes male role (dress and live like a man) |
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Term
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Definition
Physical: Status and Power, Relationships, Comfort Zones, Activities
Personal: Privacy Zones, Life Spaces |
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Term
| Spacial Implications for International Business |
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Definition
-Office Arrangements
-Physical Closeness
-Conversational Distance
-Communication Flow |
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Term
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Definition
Life Spaces: Size, Segmentation, Accessibility
---Public: work, social
---Private: Family
German- all one
American- seperate |
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Term
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Definition
Restrained
Objective
Detached
Instrumental Relationships
Conceal Emotions(Emotions mean inability to cope)
Self Control
Politeness
Monotone- Oriental
Conversational Turn taking |
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Term
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Definition
Express emotions
Combativeness
Emotions mean interest
Gesturing/Touching
Tonal variations (Latin)
Interruption |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Expressive overlap
-Reserved turn-taking
-Japanese intervals of silence |
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Term
| "Language arranges the furniture of the mind" |
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Definition
| Edward Hall, The Silent Language |
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Term
|
Definition
Focus on Self
Self Interest
Numerous but loose relationships
Independence
Emphashsi on rights
US High 91
Guatamala Low 6 |
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Term
|
Definition
Identity from membership
Group interests
Few but strong relationships
Harmony, Solidarity
Emphasis on duties
Ban of hate speech to protect harmony (isreal and france) |
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Term
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Definition
Ingroup- The degree to which individuals express pride, loyalty and cohesiveness in their organizations or families
Institutional- The degree to which organizational and societal institutional practices encourage and reward collective distribution of resources and collective action |
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Term
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Definition
Wealth- Per capita GNP
History- Immigration
Geography- Moderate and Cold climates, higher altitudes
Pathogens- Encourage collectivism for self preservation (equator) |
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Term
| Individualism Expressions |
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Definition
Limited Government
Market Competition
Employment Contract
Solo Decision
Guilt, Self Respect
Low context
Charismatic Leaders
Self Actualization
What do you know
Love Marriages |
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Term
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Definition
Activist Government
Industrial groups
Employeement Family
Cosensus Decisions
Shame, Face
High Context
Paternal Leaders
Harmony, Consensus
Who do you know
Arranged Marriages |
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Term
|
Definition
Recruiting: Family
Job Security: Seek
Career Development: Boss to take responsibility
Performance Eval: Legalistic, Confrontational
Motivation: Appeal to personal loyalty, company prestige, authority and relationships |
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Term
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Definition
Japan- Death by overwork (legally recognized)
open ended commitments to company
free overtime
Trust: Bow is bond (reputation and relationships)
Group Shaming and Shunning
Conflict resolution through accommodation
Family name first |
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Term
| Xiao Shun (filial piety) in China |
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Definition
| Children's obligation to parents- Care in old age |
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Term
| Collectivism and medicine |
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Definition
Seek tranquil joy
Calming medication
Social stigma- Keep cancer a secret in China
Communal bathing |
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Term
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Definition
| Family Bloodlines important therefor reluctance to adopt |
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Term
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Definition
Relationships with whole person
Little separation of work and private life
Interest overlap is normal
Authority, status, and face radiate across spheres
Relationships precede business
HIGH CONTEXT |
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Term
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Definition
Relationships limited to specific life spaces
Private life separate from work
Conflicts of interest are prohibited
Authority and status confined to spheres
Do business with strangers
LOW CONTEXT |
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Term
| Privacy and Personal Life in China |
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Definition
Chinese word for privacy: Yinsi (imply illicit secrets and selfish)
Not much personal space
No separation between work and personal life |
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Term
| Specific V Diffused Implications for International Business |
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Definition
Deference to authority outside of work
Conflicts of interest
Personal and work life
Privacy Zones
Corporate Takeovers
Directness and Criticism
Employee mobility and multiple bonds |
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Term
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Definition
Orientation/Focus- Past, Present, Future
Horizon- Long term v Short term
Uses- Monochronic v Polychronic |
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Term
|
Definition
Past- Japan China France
Past as benchmark, suspicion of change, adherence to precedent
Present: US Australia
Immediate results, get job done
Future:
Long range consequences, planning, saving, deferred gratification |
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Term
|
Definition
Short Term: Oriented to past and present, quick results, spending, gratification (Canada)
Long Term: Oriented to future rewards, perseverance, thrift (china) |
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Term
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Definition
Rigid: Monochronic
time is scarce resource
punctuality, deadlines, agendas, linear, one thing at a time, sequential, no interruptions, task
Fluid: Polychronic
Organic flowing process, relationships, flexible, multi tasking, interruptions, Sioux have no word for time |
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Term
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Definition
-Indonesian: verb tense is optional (time)
-Slavic suffix for women (gender differentiation)
-Collectivist cultures verbal abuse directed to group
-Pronoun drop to DEEMPHASIZE individual ti amo
-Penan People- Six words for we
-Japan- Multiple 1PS pronouns that index social roles
-Moscow Aerostar- No word for serrvice |
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Term
| Dimensions of Organizations |
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Definition
Goals/Purposes: task v relationship
profit v market share
Hierarchy/Structure:
Steep v Flat
Sources and distribution of power
Rules:
Many v Few
Explicit v Implicit
Employee/Firm Relationship:
Temporary v Long Term
Scope (Narrow v Broad) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Germany (well oiled machine) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
Incubator- Fulfillment oriented culture
Guided Missile- Project oriented culture
Family- Person oriented culture
Eiffel Tower- Role oriented culture |
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Term
|
Definition
Heirarchical (father as head)
Diffused Authority
Discomfort with shared authority
Relationships
Nepotism
High COntext |
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Term
|
Definition
Steep Heirarchy
Task and structure
Bureaucratic devision of labot
Contractual |
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Term
|
Definition
Authority structure
Minimal heirarchy
Little structure
Individualistic
Passion trumps rules |
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Term
|
Definition
Authority from expertise
Teams/Project work
Goal driven
Performance orientation
temporary duration |
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Term
| Corporate Governance in Japan |
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Definition
Low levels of M&A's
mistrust in outsiders
Cross shareholdings |
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Term
|
Definition
Social Distance: Arise from social identity (nationality, religion, ethnicity, race, profession, class, age, gender)
Social identity creates underlying thoughts and behaviors |
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Term
| Benefits of Cultural Diversity |
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Definition
Alignment with markets
Diverse perspectives
Expand pool of employee talent
Satisfy legal requirements
Contribute to equity and social progress |
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Term
| "Diversity Trumps Ability" |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Perspectives: How people see things
Heuristics: How people search for solutions |
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Term
|
Definition
| Increases number of solutions |
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Term
|
Definition
| The experiential basis for cognitive diversity |
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Term
|
Definition
Defensiveness: Different is dangerous
Misscommunication: Lost in translation
Conflicting Preferences: Culture clash |
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Term
| "Diversity... brings out the turtle in all of us" |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Stereotypes:
Self Fullfilling Prophecy
-Ethnocentrism
-Evoked Set
-Confirmation Bias
Cognitive Dissonance |
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Term
|
Definition
Auto stereotypes (us)
Hetero stereotypes (them)
Grow through: media, family, friends, personal experiences, ethnocentrism, critical incidents (evoked set 9/11)
Impact: Selective perception (Confirmation Bias, Cognitive Dissonanace), Self Fulfilling Prophecy (Pygmalion Effect) |
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Term
|
Definition
Unquestioned Beliefs
Based on experience
Assumptions underlie behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
Perception:
-Selective Viewing: ignore things not there
-Confirmation Bias: see what you believe
-Evoked set
Attribution:
- Silence=disinterest
Evaluation:
-Confers judgement |
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Term
|
Definition
Coping with an inconvenient truth
-Denial, rationalization, self justification |
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Term
|
Definition
| Selective Perception to confirm beliefs |
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Term
|
Definition
Pygmalion Effect
Self Fulfilling Prophecy |
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Term
|
Definition
Self serving Bias
Your place on map
Equate differences with right and wrong |
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Term
|
Definition
| Assume others are more like us than they really are |
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Term
| Model of High Performance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DONT ASSIMILATE OR SEGREGATE
DO INCORPORATE |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a normal distribution and reflects shared challenges |
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|
Term
Negotiation Strategies
Distributive v Integrative |
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Definition
Distibutive: Win lose outcomes
Zero sum
Opposed interests
Interest maximization
Secrecy, Deception, Positioning
Integrative: Win Win
Bake a bigger pie
Divergent interests
Mutual Gain
Information sharing, deferred positions |
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Term
| Elements of communication |
|
Definition
Body Language 55%
Voice Tone 38%
Words 7% |
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Term
| "The essence of effective cross cultural communication has more to do with releasing the right responses than with sending the right messages" |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Low Context Communication |
|
Definition
Verbal, literal
Blunt, direct= honesty
Vague= untrustworthy
Precision
low protocol
slow info flow |
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|
Term
| High Context Communication |
|
Definition
Reliance on context
direct=rude
indirect=respect
seek harmony
protocol, rituals
open wide communication networks
rapid info flow |
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|
Term
| "The medium is the message" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Proxemics: spacial behavior
Haptics: Touch
Oculesics: Eye behavior
Kinesics: Body movement |
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